THE ANNALS THE WORLD

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 1335. When Thrasybulus left Tissaphernes, he brought back Alcibiades with him to Samos. The army made him one of their chief commanders and committed everything under his direction. When he was made commander of the Athenian army, he sailed back to Tissaphernes so that he might tell him everything. He handled matters so cunningly to his own advantage so that he could make the Athenians afraid of Tissaphernes and Tissaphernes of them at his pleasure. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1336. This had a disastrous effect on the morale of the Peloponesians who were anchored at Miletus. They hated Tissaphernes more than ever so that they began to mutiny again against him and Astyochus. They now charged him with collusion with Tissaphernes for his own personal advantage. The sailors from Syracuse and Thurii demanded in a very saucy and mutinous manner that Astyochus pay them. When he replied roughly and threatened to imprison Doricus the commander of the Thurian squadron for supporting his sailors, they rioted and rushed upon him. (The Greek scholiast of Thucidides, understand that Hermocrates, commander of the Syracuse squadron is meant, not Doricus.) He would have been killed had he not fled to a nearby altar. The Milesians got secretly into the fort which Tissaphernes had built and expelled the garrison of soldiers and took over the fort. This action was well received by the rest except for Lychas the Lacedemonian. He said that the Milesians and the rest under the king's authority ought to obey Tissaphernes so long as he governed so moderately as he did and until the war would be over. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1337. While they were busy in this altercation, Pindarus arrived who was sent from Lacedemon to succeed Astyochus in the command of the navy. After Astyochus had given him command, he sailed home to Lacedemon. Tissaphernes sent Gauletes, his messenger along with him. Although he was born in Caria he spoke both the Greek and Persian language. He was to charge the Milesians for the surprise attack on his citadel and to clear him from those false accusations which the Milesians and Hermocrates of Syracuse had made. Tissaphernes knew that the Milesians would accuse him for conspiring with Alcibiades against the Lacedemonians.

1338. Tissaphernes saw that the Peloponesians were against him. Among other things they did not like when he allowed Alcibiades to return to his own people again since he now openly favoured the Athenians. Tissaphernes went to Aspendus where the Phoenician fleet of 147 ships had come. To clear himself, he took Lichas the Lacedemonian along with him, leaving his agent Tamos with them to ensure the wages were paid to the Peloponesian navy. Moreover the Peloponesians at the request of Tissaphernes, sent Philippus a Lacedemonian, with two ships to Aspendus to see the Phoenician fleet. When Alcibiades learned that Tissaphernes was at Aspendus, he came with 13 ships to Caunus first and then to Phaselis. Everywhere he promised his friends many supplies and all kinds of help. When he returned to Samos, he informed them that he had so arranged matters so that the Phoenician fleet would not assist the Peloponesians and Tissaphernes had now become more friendly to the Athenians than ever. It was true that Tissaphernes met with the Phoenicians at Aspendus, but would not let any ship go to the Peloponesians. He put them off with this weak excuse that not as many ships came to him as the king had commanded. However his purpose was to hold both parties of the Greeks in suspense. By siding with neither he hoped to make them destroy each other. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1339. The junta of 400 at Athens was dissolved and replaced by 5000. The new government ratified the recalling of Alcibiades home into his country. (Thucid. l. 8.) By the same order he was joined in his commission by Thrasybulus and Theramenes although they were absent at the time. Hence by the valour and virtue of the new government, the Athenian state was in a short time, greatly reformed and brought into a better order than ever before. (Emil. Prob. in the life of Aleibiades.)

1340. While the Peloponesians waited at Miletum, none of those whom Tissaphernes had left behind when he went for Aspendus took care to pay the navy. Neither did Tissaphernes himself pay them nor did the fleet come which he had promised. Both Philippus, who was sent with Tissaphernes to Aspendus and Hipposcrates from Phaselis wrote to Mindarus, who had the charge of the navy that he should not expect any ships or anything else of value from Tissaphernes. On the contrary, Pharnabazus, who served the king in these parts of Hellespont, showed them all the favour and friendship that they could imagine. For he solicited their coming and of his own accord incited all the Greek cities within his province, to defect from the Athenians (which Tissaphernes would have seemed to do too) hoping thereby to increase his own power. Mindarus was bothered by this news and made ready instantly 72 ships. He gave the word that they should leave suddenly so that the Athenians at Samos would not find out. He left Miletus and sailed straight to Hellespont. When Thrasyllus heard of this, he followed him from Samos with 55 ships. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1341. Mindarus and the Syracuse squadron had a fierce naval battle with Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus at the cape of Cynos-sema (a place known by old Hecubae's tomb). The Athenians won losing only 15 ships but captured 21 of the enemies' ships. For more details see: (Thucid. l. 8., Diod. Sic. 2nd year of 92nd Olympiad.)

1342. The Athenians repaired their fleet as best they could. On the 4th day after this fight they sailed from Sestos to Cyzicum which had revolted from them. When they saw 8 ships at Harpagium and Priapus which came from Byzantium, they attacked them. When they had beaten those who defended the ships from the shore, they captured the ships for their own use. They sailed to the unwalled town of Cyzicum and captured it and extorted a large sum of money from them. (Thucid. l. 8.)

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1343. Alcibiades sailed from Samos with 22 ships and exacted large sums of money from those of Halycarnasius. He destroyed the country of Cos and fortified the town of Cos with a wall. Since winter was now approaching, he returned with much spoil to Samos. (Thucid. l. 8., Diod. 2nd year of 92nd Olympiad)

1344. Astacus a Persian and lieutenant to Tissaphernes conceived a secret deadly hatred against the men of Delos. These were driven out of their old habitation and dwelt at Atramytrium. When he came that way, he sent for all the chief men among them as friends and confederates to come and serve the king in his wars. At the time when they were altogether eating dinner, he surrounded them with his soldiers and they killed everyone with their darts. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1345. Those of Antandrus in Eolia feared lest Astacus would do the same to them. They also disliked the heavy taxes which he imposed on them. Therefore, they sent for some Peloponesian soldiers from Abydus. They brought them secretly over Mount Ida into their city and expelled the garrison of Astacus from the citadel. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1346. Tissaphernes returned from Aspendus into Ionia and was greatly disturbed by this last attempt of Antandrus and with others of Miletus and Cnidus. There the inhabitants expelled his garrisons also. He thought himself wronged by the Poloponesians. Therefore, he feared worse things from them and was troubled lest Pharnabazus in a shorter time and with far less cost should seem to have done more against the Athenians than he had done. Therefore he planned to go in person to the Poloponesians in Hellespont to reason with them concerning their expelling his garrison from Antandrus and to clear himself from the charges against him concerning the Phoenician fleet and other matters. As soon as he was come to Ephesus, he sacrificed to Diana. (Thucid. l. 8. in fi.) Here ends the History of Thucidides which Theopompus continues for 17 more years and Xenophon for 48 years after that. (Diod. 2nd year of 92nd Olympiad.) The writings of Theopompus are lost but the latter we do have partially preserved for us. Besides the poem of his history, we lack the first two years of it. That is from the end of the summer of the 21st year of the Peloponesian war where Thucidides left off, to the end of the 23rd summer of the same war.

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 1347. Concerning the 300 ships sent back to Phoenicia, Tissaphernes cleared himself with the Lacedemonians by saying that he had received news that the coast of Phoenicia was in danger of attack by the Arabians and the king of Egypt (meaning king Amyrteus) (as Diod. Sic. has it, 3rd year of the 93rd Olympiad.) However, Thucidides states that there only came 147 ships to Aspendus from Phoenicia and that they were all sent back again by Tissaphernes contrary to his promise.

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1348. There was another naval battle between the Lacedemonians and Athenians at Cynos-sema. This was described by Theopompus, as a certain nameless Greek writer says, in the life of Thucidides.

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1349. Thymochares came to Athens with a small fleet of ships. There was another naval battle between the Lacedemonians and Athenians. The Lacedemonians under the command of Hegesandridus won. (Xen. in the beginning of his History of the Greeks. l. 1.)

1350. Not long after this in the beginning of winter, Dorieus, the admiral of the Thurian fleet from Italy sailed with 14 ships from Rhodes to the Hellespont to meet Mindarus. He was at Abydus for a meeting of all the friends and confederates of the Peloponesian nation. When Dorieus had sailed as far as Sigeum, a port in Troas, the Athenian navy at Sestos found out about his trip and destination. They sailed toward him with 20 ships. When Dorieus heard of their coming, he fled from there and beached his ships on the Rhaetaean shore. When he landed his men, with the help of the men of Dardania, they warded off an Athenian attack. When the Athenians saw that they could not prevail, they sailed back to Madytus to join the rest of their army. Mindarus who at that time happened to be at old Troy sacrificing to Minerva, saw this battle. He raced with 84 ships to the cape of Dardania to meet Dorieus and to save his ships. He also found the army of Pharnabazus ready to help the Lacedemonian navy against their enemies. The Athenian fleet of 74 ships came close to the shore of Abydus and there started a naval battle. Mindarus commanded 97 ships besides those of Dorieus. He placed the Syracusians in the left wing and he took the right wing. On the other side, Thrasybulus had the right wing and Thrasyllus the left. The fight lasted from morning to evening, neither side winning. Suddenly Alcibiades came sailing in with 18 fresh ships from Samos headed towards the Hellespont. When the Lacedemonians saw this, they fled towards Abydus. The Athenians chased them and captured 10 of their ships. A violent storm arose which prevented the Athenians from finishing off their enemies. The Peloponesians all escaped safely to shore and fled to the army of Pharnabazus that was there. During the battle, Pharnabazus rode his horse into the sea up to its saddle-skirts and fought. He commanded his army to do likewise. The Peloponesians locked their ships close together into one mass and fought against their enemies from the decks close to the shore. When the night was drawing on, the Athenians returned to Samos with 30 empty ships which they had captured and there own fleet including the damaged ships. The next morning as soon as it was light, they gathered what spoils they could from the wrecked ships of their enemies. They erected a monument to the event and then left 40 ships to guard the Hellespont. The rest of the fleet was assigned to various destinations. Some gathered their tribute money. One of their chief captains, Thrasyllus, sailed back to Athens to let them know what a victory they had. He desired a supply of men and shipping for the carrying on of the war in those parts. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13. Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiades.)

1351. About the first watch of the night, Mindarus went back to the seaside, and gave orders for repairing his ships which were damaged in the battle. He sent in all haste to Lacedemon for fresh supplies both by land and sea. While this was happening he planned to join his army with Pharnabazus to capture the tributary cities of the Athenians, that were in Asia. (Diod. Sic. l. 13.)

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1352. In the mean time, Tissaphernes came into the Hellespont. Alcibiades planned to magnify himself after so glorious a victory over the Lacedemonians. He came to Tissapernes with rich presents and a princely train. Tissaphernes was in ill repute with the Lacedemonians and feared lest some accusation would be made against him to Darius. He laid hold on Alcibiades and put him in irons at Sardis. He pretended that this was the king's command and to show that he counted the Athenians as enemies. Within a month, he escaped with a fellow prisoner, Manitheus of Caria. He got horses and they escaped by night to Clazomenae. They let on that it was with the consent of Tissaphernes. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Plutarch in Alcibia.)

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1353. Toward the end of winter, Mindarus with 60 ships went to Cyzicum and joined with the army of Pharnabus. They captured Cyzicum by force. 86 ships under the command of Alcibiades, Thrasybulus and Theramenes attacked him. Mindarus was first routed at sea and then in a second fight on land in which Mindarus fought bravely and was killed. When the troops from Syracuse saw no means of escape, they set their own ships on fire. The rest of the fleet was captured by the Athenians who sailed them all to Proecannesus. This fight is more fully described (by Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. by Diod. Sic. l. 13. by Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiades and by Polyanin, Stratag. l. 1.)

1354. The next day, the Athenians sailed from Proeconnesus to Cyzicum and they were received into the city which was abandoned by Pharnabazus and the Peloponesians. (Xenoph.) There they erected two monuments, the one for their victory at sea at the isle of Polydorus and the other for that on land where they first put the enemies to flight. (Diod. Sic.)

1355. Alcibiades stayed at Cyzicum 20 days. When he had extracted a vast sum of money from them, he departed without doing them any harm and returned to Proeconnesus. (Xenoph.)

1356. The commanders of the Athenians which remained behind at Cyzicum, came at length to Chalcedon, There they walled Chrysopolis and made it a place to gather tolls from every ship that passed by from Pontus. (Xenphon Hellen. l. 1. Polyb. l. 4. p. 312. Diod. Sic. 4th year of 92nd Olympiad) They left a garrison and a fleet of 30 ships there under the command of Theramenes and Eubulus. This was to keep the town, to watch what ships came in and out at the mouth of Pontus and to do what mischief they could to the enemy. (Xenoph.)

1357. The Athenians intercepted letters written concisely from Hippocrates, the lieutenant of Mindarus to Lacedemon to the Ephori concerning the loss they had sustained at Cyzicum. It said:

``All is lost. Mindarus is dead. Our men starve. We know not what to do.'' (Xenoph. and Plutarch.)

1358. The Lacedemonians sued for peace which was opposed by those who made a living from the war. (Justin. l. 5. c. 4.) For though the moderates of the Athenians were inclined to peace yet those who made their living by it chose to continue the war. Cleophon was one of the principal leaders of this latter group. He had spoken many proper things. Diod. Sic. elegantly expresses it:

``He made the people proud by recounting to them the greatness of their good successes, as if fortune did not bestow her favours in the war by turns.''

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 1359. Cleophon with his fiery speeches stirred up the people to a carry on the war, though to his own shame later. He made lyres and it was common knowledge that he had been a slave and kept in irons. Later by various devices came to live in Athens. At this time, he won the people over to him by his munificence and grew so bold as to openly profess:

``that he would with his own hand cut off that man's head whomever he were, that would offer to speak any more of a peace''

1360. This is according to Eschines in his Oration, De false legation, i.e. of a false embassy.

1361. The Peloponesians and their confederates from Syracuse and as many as had escaped alive from the fight, went to Pharnabazus. He courteously entertained and comforted them. (Diod. Sic. l. 13) He said they should not be discouraged by the loss of a few wooden ships since the king had more than enough wood in his kingdom to build more ships. The main thing was that the men were safe. He gave every man a new suit of clothes and two months pay in advance. He armed the sailors and placed garrisons all along the sea coast of his government. He assembled all the commanders of cities, and captains of every ship and ordered them to build as many new ships at Antandrus, as they had lost. He paid for this and allowed them to use timber from the mount Ida. When this was done, he sent to relieve Chalcedon. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

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1362. While this navy was being built, the men of Syracuse joined with the inhabitants of Antandrus and built a wall around the town. They greatly fortified the place. In return the Antandrians gave the Syracusians free use of their city. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

1363. The captains of these troops from Syracuse were exiled by their country men at home. Their general Hermocrates, accused Tissaphernes at Lacedemon and they believed him and also the testimony of Astyochus. Hermocrates returned to Pharnabazus and without even asking he received from him a large sum of money. When he procured men and ships, he returned into his own country. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. with Diod. Sic. 4th year of 92nd Olympiad.)

1364. Parasippidas was condemned to be exiled to Sparta, because it was thought that by his plotting with Tissaphernes, he had procured all that favoured the Lacedemonian party. In a riot at the isle of Thasus he was expelled. Cratesippidas was sent to replace him and take charge of the navy at Chios. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

1365. With 25 ships he wasted his time about the coast of Ionia and did nothing worth the speaking of for a long time. Later when he was paid by the exiles from Chios, he brought them home again. He routed out the 600 of the opposing faction. These lived at Atarneum, the most fortified place on the continent opposite Chios and made daily attacks on them from there. (Diod. Sic. 4th year of the 92nd Olymiad)

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1366. In the 93rd Olympiad, Eubotas the Cyrenian won the prize in running. Archippus was the Ephorus at Lacedemon. Euctemon was the Archon at Athens. There was a new game introduced in the Olympics. It was a race by a team of mules pulling a coach, called Eugwqizà or sugwqiz, (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) (Diod. Sic. l. 13.) (Pausan. l. 1.) (Eliac. Julius Africanus in Catalog. Stadionicarum) Africanus adds that in the same Olymnpiad, Polydamantes the Seotussian won the prize at wrestling. He was the same man whom Darius Nothus sent for by messengers with large gifts for him to come to him at Susa. When he came he slew three of the king's guard, who were called the Immortal Guard. (Herod. l. 7. c. 83.) These rushed in on him all at once according to Pausan in his later book Eliator. In the same book, he mentions Eubotas, surnamed Stadionicus, who when the Oracle of Ammon had foretold that he should win the prize at running, had his own statue made before hand. When he did win the prize, he dedicated his statue in testimony of this all in one day.

1367. In this year, the Medes who had defected from Darius the king of the Persians, submitted to him again. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Herodotus in the beginning of his History, (c. 130.) relates how the Medes revolted from Darius. They were defeated and again brought under his control. Because he makes mention of the war at Decelaea, (Herod. l. 9. c. 71.) which was waged 5 years earlier and of Amyraeus' son reigning after him, (Herod. l. 3. c. 15.) (of whom I shall speak more in the year following), I gather that he either wrote or at least revised his History in the very later end of the Peloponesian war.

1368. In the beginning of the summer, Thrasyllus at Athens, took command of the ships committed to his charge with 5000 sailors. These were all armed as targeteers and he was to join with those other targeteers at Samos. When he had stayed there 3 days, he sailed to the coast of Pygega in Ionia. He first wasted the country in that area. He came at last with his army before the wall of the town. When some reinforcements came from Miletus, they attacked the lightly armed Athenians who were busy gathering the spoil from the country. The rest of the Athenians came to relieve their troops, and killed most of the Milesians. They gathered 200 of their bucklers from the slain and erected a monument with them. The next day they sailed to Notium and there took on supplies. They sailed to Colophas which presently yielded to them. The next night they entered into Lydia when their grain was almost ripe. They set many villages on fire. While they were scattered here and there and minded nothing but their plundering, Stages, a Persian, (the same Tages, as it should seem, which I mentioned before in the year of the world, 3592 from Thucidides) attacked them with his horse and took one prisoner, and slew seven of them. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

1369. When Tissaphernes understood that Thrasyllus was ready to set sail for Ephesus to attack it by surprise, he gathered all the troops he could find. He sent about messengers into all parts, to order men to come in and defend Diana of the Ephesians. When Thrasyllus had spent 17 days in Lydia, he set sail for Ephesus. He landed his foot soldiers at Coressus, but the cavalry, targeteers and all the other soldiers, he landed on shore near a bog on the other side of the town. As soon as it was light, they approached the town in two companies. The troops in the town with the reinforcements Tissaphernes had sent them first attacked the foot solders who were at Coressus. They had routed them and pursued them to the seaside killing 100 men. After this they returned quickly and attacked those who were located near the bog. When they routed the Athenians and killed 300 of them, they erected one monument there and another at Coressus. Concerning their reinforcements, they highly rewarded the companies from Syracuse and Selinuntia because they behaved most valiantly. They promised freedom from taxes for ever to those that were expelled from their home city. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Plutarch also in the Life of Alcibiades mentions a brass monument set up to mock the Athenian nation.

1370. After a truce was made, the Athenians received the bodies of their slain and buried them at Notium. They sailed away to Lesbos and Hellespont. When they anchored at Methymna, a city of Lesbos, they spied 25 ships of the Syracusians with whom they fought at Ephesus. They attacked them and took 4 ships with all the men in them and routed the rest. They pursued them as far as Ephesus. Thrasyllus sent all the prisoners which he had taken to Athens, except for Alcibiades an Athenian, first cousin to Alcibiades and a banished man. These two were executed. They sailed for Sestus where the army was. From Sestus the whole army went to Lampsacus for the winter which they reckon from the beginning of autumn. When Alcibiades at Lampsacus wanted to create one large army, his soldiers refused to be mixed with those who had served under Thrasyllus. They said:

``We who have ever been conquerors, to be counted with those that were beaten and routed but the other day.'' (Xen. Hellen. 1.)

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 1371. When Alcibiades and Thrasyllus troops had wintered together at Lampsacus, (Diodorus writes, "Labdacus") had fortified the area. They went to besiege Abydus. Pharnabazus came with a very great army to relieve it. He fought with the Athenians and was routed. Alcibiades chased Pharnabazus with his cavalry and 120 foot soldiers following him. He did not stop the chase until late in the night. After this victory, the whole army became friends and mixed with each other. They returned triumphantly into their camp from where they set out.

1372. The next day Alcibiades set up a monument and went and wasted Pharnabazus' province with fire and sword without any opposition. All the priests which he took, he let go free without a ransom. (Plutarch in Life of Alcibiades)

1373. When the Lacedemonians were upset with Tissaphernes, they sent Boeotius and other ambassadors with him to Darius. Boeotius easily obtained from Darius all that they ever wanted. (Xen. Hellen. l. 1. 7.)

1374. In the same winter Alcibiades and Thrasyllus armies attacked various countries that belonged to Darius on the continent and reeked havock there. (Xen. Hellen. l. 1. 7.)

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1375. Darius put his 16 year old son Cyrus the younger in charge of all the sea coast. He was born after his father became king. (Ctesias affirms this and Plutarch also in the Life of Artaxerxes.) He had the title of satrap or governor of all those countries. He headed the army that was in the plain of Castolus in Lydia. He was ordered to join with the Lacedemonians in fighting the Athenians. (Xen. Hellen. l. 1. 7.) (Expedit. Cyri. l. 1. in instio.) Justin (Justin, l. 5. c. 5.) from Trogus, says,

``Darius king of Persia made his younger son Cyrus governor of all Ionia and Lydia. It was he who restored the Lacedemonians to former strength.''

1376. Diodorus expressly states that Darius sent his son Cyrus to this very end, that in pursuing the war against the Athenians, he should relieve and help the Lacedemonians. (1st year of the 93rd Olympiad.) He also correctly states that Cyrus was made commander of all the governors by the sea coast (2nd year of the 94th Olympiad.) and (in the 2nd year of the same Olympiad) that he was made commander-in-chief, over all the provinces lying on the sea coast. It is obvious that both Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus though both satraps and governors of their provinces were both under his command.

1377. We read in Euseb. Chron. that after Amyrtaeus of Sois, Nepherites the king of a new dynasty succeeded him in the kingdom of Egypt. However we find, (Diod. Sic. 1st year Olympiad 95) that next before Nephereus or Nepherites, Psammitichus reigned in Egypt. He was descended of the family of that old Psammetichus whom Manetho places in the 26th Dynasty who was also of the Sais. {*Manetho, 1:169} So that a man may well doubt, whether this was not Pausiris the son of Amyrtaeus, who by the help of the Persians recovered his father's kingdom, as Herodotus states. (Herod. l. 3. c. 5.) Concerning the number of this and other Egyptian kings' reigns, we have already discussed in our Egyptian Chronology.

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1378. In the beginning of the spring when Pantacles was Ephorus in Sparta and Antigenes Archon in Athens had held office for a year, the Athenians with all the forces they could gather, sailed into Proeconnesus. They left there and camped before Chalcedon. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Diodor. says that they went to Theramenes, who at that time lay before Chalcedon with 70 ships and 5000 men. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 92.)

1379. When the inhabitants of Chalcedon heard of the approach of the Athenian army, they sent away all their goods to the Thracians of Bithynia who were their neighbours. When Alcibiades heard of this, he went with all his cavalry and a part of his foot soldiers and demanded all those goods from them. He threatened force if they refused to deliver them. When he received these goods, he made peace with the Bithynians and returned to his camp before Chalcedon. He built a wooden wall before the city across the neck of land from sea to sea. When Hippocrates the Lacedemonian commander saw this, he gathered all his forces and fought with Thrasyllus. The battle was drawn for a great while until Alcibiades came in with his forces, both of cavalry and footmen. Hippocrates was killed and his men fled back into the city. While the fight continued, Pharnabazus and all his army came another way outside the wooden wall. He fought unsuccessfully to break through to rescue Hippocrates. He retired to Heracleum or the Temple of Hercules, which was in the territory of Chalcedon where his own camp was well entrenched. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. and Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiadis.)

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1380. After this Alcibiades and Chersonesus went into the Hellespont to gather tribute. The rest of the commanders, (though Diodorus says, only Theramenes) came to an agreement with Pharnabazus concerning Chalcedon. He would give them 20 talents and would convoy the Athenian ambassadors safely to the king. By solemn oath they covenanted with each other that the men of Chalcedon would pay the Athenians the same tribute as they did before with all arrears. In the mean time, the Athenians would not bother Chalcedon, until the return of their ambassadors from the king and the return Alcibiades. They sent two commissioners from Chalcedon and Pharnabazus sent two more from Crysopolis. They swore to keep this covenant and pledged their support to each other. (Xenoph.)

1381. When these things were done, Pharnabazus returned and wanted the ambassadors who were to go to the king, to meet him at Cyzicum. The names of the ambassadors were Dorothius, Philodices, Theogenes, Euryptolemus, Mautitheus and Cleostratus and Pyrolochus both from the Argivans. Passipedas and other ambassadors from the Lacedemonians also went. These all journeyed to the king. Hermocrates, who was banished from Syracuse and his brother Proxenus went with the group. (Xenoph.)

1382. While Pharnabazus was escorting the ambassadors to the king, Clearchus, a Lacedemonian commander, came to him from across the sea. He wanted money to pay their army and to assemble the ships into a fleet that were scattered, some at Antandrus, some in Hellespont and some in other places. He hoped to cause trouble for the confederate states of the Athenians. He hoped to draw off their forces from Byzantium. In his absence, Byzantium was betrayed and surrendered to the Athenians. (Xenop.)

1383. As these Athenian ambassadors were on their way to the king, they met Boeotius and the rest of the Lacedemonian ambassadors returning from the king. Cyrus was with them on his way to become governor of all the sea coasts of those parts. When they saw him they asked if they might safely continue their journey to the king and if not that they be allowed to return home safely. However, Cyrus ordered Pharnabazus either to turn over the ambassadors to him or to send them home again. Since Pharnabazus did not want the Athenians to know what was planned against them, he stalled for time. Sometimes he told them that he would take them to the king and sometimes that he would send them home again. So he delayed for three years (or rather, indeed of three months) and in the end by Cyrus' consent, he sent them home. (Xenop.)

1384. Alcibiades took 20 ships from Samos and sailed into the Bay of Ceramus in Caria. He gathered 100 talents and pillaged no less than 200 ships which he had either searched or sunk. He returned to Athens where he was declared general of all their armies with full and absolute power of command and received 200 talents from of the treasury of the city, (according to Lysias, in his oration, against his son Alcibiades.) He raised an army of 1500 foot soldiers and 150 cavalry with 100 ships. (Xephon, Hellen. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13. Justin. l. 5. c. 4,5. Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in the Life of Alcibiades.)

1385. Satyrus the son of Spartacus, ruled the kingdom of Bosphorus Cimmerius for 14 years. (Diod. Sic. year 4 Olympiad 96.)

1386. The Lacedemonians replaced Cratesipidas their admiral when his term expired, by Lysander. When he came to Rhodes, he gathered the fleet there and sailed to the Isle of Cos and Miletus. From there he went to Ephesus with 70 ships and stayed there until Cyrus came to Sardis. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Ephesus welcomed him and the Lacedemonians. They were grieved by the loss of trade caused by the Persians. The Persian governors stayed most often at Miletus and attracted all the trade from them to that city. Therefore Lysander made Ephesus his residence and ordered all merchant ships to unload there. He made docks and had all ships for the navy built there. In a short time he filled their port with ships and their city with commerce and wealth. (Plutarch, in the Life of Lysander.)

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 1387. When Lysander knew that Cyrus came to Sardis, he and the rest of the commissioners from Sparta went there to him. He charged Tissaphernes very heavily. When the king ordered him to support the Lacedemonians to rid the sea of the Athenians, he on the contrary by Alcibiades' subordinate grew remiss. He kept back their pay from the mariners and utterly destroyed the Lacedemonian navy. Cyrus was more than willing to receive any information against Tissaphernes who was not a good fellow. Lysander befriended Cyrus. The more Lysander pressed Cyrus to do things, the bolder Cyrus was to promise that all would be done. Cyrus added that it was his father's command that it should be so and assured him that there would be no want either of effort or money on his part. For that purpose, he raised the pay of the mariners and sea soldiers from 3 soles by the day to 4. He paid the whole army all that was in arrears and advanced a whole month's pay. He paid to Lysander 10000 darics for that purpose. By this, he put heart and courage into his seamen more than ever and left the Athenian fleet almost without sailors for the most of their ships. Because of greed for better pay, they left the Athenians and went to Lysander. Those who stayed grew idle and careless in the service and mutinous and troublesome daily to their commanders. (Xenoph, Hellen. l. 1. Diodor. l. 13. and Plut. in the Life Lysander.)

1388. When the Athenians heard this they were discouraged and through Tissaphernes, they sent ambassadors to Cyrus. Cyrus refused to see them even though Tissaphernes himself spoke for them. He told Cyrus that what he did, he did upon the advice of Alcibiades. His counsel was to hold the Greeks in balance and let neither side beat the other. Allow them to continue the war and by this to consume one another to nothing. (Id. ibid.) Although the Poloponesians were supported by the Persian purse, yet the Athenians held out for 3 whole years against them. (Thucid. l. 2.) Who can wonder that the Athenian state was defeated and came to nought since the power of all the east helped in their destruction. (Justin. l. 5. c. 1.)

1389. Lysander returned to Ephesus and he rested for a while. In that time, 90 of his damaged ships were refurbished. (Xephon. Hellen. 1. ) He sent for the leaders from every nearby city and made an alliance with them. He assured them that if everything in this war went as he hoped, he would make everyone of them a prince with his own city. They were so enthused that every man was ready to do more than Lysander could reasonably require from them. He had more provisions for the war effort than he could have imagined. (Diod. l. 13.)

1390. When Alcibiades had heard that Thrasybulus was gone out of Hellespont to fortify Phocaea, he sailed to him. He left the fleet in the meantime, under the charge of Antiochus with a strict command that he should in no wise stir or fight with Lysander in his absence. However, Antiochus planned to sail to Ephesus with his own vessel and one other from Notium, as Xenophon and Plutarch state. (Diodorus says, that he selected 10 of his best ships.) He skirted along under the very noses of Lysander's ships. First, Lysander set out with a small company of ships and pursued him. When more and more ships came to help Antiochus, Lysander drew out his whole fleet and the Athenians did the same from Notium and other places. They arrived there in a disorderly way. They quickly lost 15 ships and the rest fled to saftey. Antiochus was killed in the fight. Lysander erected a monument at Notium and returned with the ships which he had taken to Ephesus. The remaining ships of the Athenians went to Samos. When Alcibiades heard what had happened, he went with his whole fleet before the port of Ephesus and there ranged it in battle array. Lysander did not stir for he had far fewer ships than the Athenians. Alcibiades returned to Samos again. (Xenoph. Helllen. l. 1. Diodor. l. 13. Plut. in the Lives of Alcibiades and Lysander.)

1391. Alcibiades sailed from Samos to Cuma. He made many false charges against them and after he took many of them prisoners, he brought them aboard his ships. The Cumeans rallied and attacked their enemies. Alcibiades was able to hold them off until the rest of those in that area came to their aid. Alcibiades returned the prisoners and was forced to flee to his ships for safety. This bothered him so he sent for more troops to Mitylene. He drew his men forth in a battalion before the walls of Cuma and dared them to come out to battle. When no man stirred, he led his men back to Mitylene after he first ravaged the surrounding country.

1392. The Cumeans sent to Athens and made their case against Alcibiades for plundering a confederate city and the surrounding area which had not offended the Athenians. When this case was made, others also complained about his conduct and misdeeds. A garrison in Samos, which did not like him, stole over to Athens and informed against him. They publicly charged him before the whole assembly of the people that he was dishonest and had secret communications with the Lacedemonians. They said he had private correspondence with Pharnabazus who assured him that if the Lacedemonians won, he would be made ruler of Athens. (Diod. l. 13.)

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1393. The Cumeans on the one side and Thrasybulus on behalf of the armies on the other, accused Alcibiades of many wrong doings in his administration. Colon with 9 assistant commissioners were sent to replace Alcibiades as general of the army. When he heard of this, he sailed secretly to his own lands and citadels in the Chersonesus of Thrace, (Diodor. l. 13 Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiades)

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1394. Lysander sent for men having leadership qualities from the nearby cities and asked them to make as many friends as he could and help him. He assured them as before that as soon as the Athenians were defeated, he would replace the democratic governments in all those cities and make each one of them a ruler in his own city. (Plut. in the Life of Lysander.)

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1395. The moon was eclipsed 3 hours after sunset (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) on the 15th of April, according to the Julian Calendar. This is verified by the astronomical calculations.

1396. When Pityas was Ephorus at Sparta and Callias, Archon at Athens, Lysander's year of command expired. Callicratidas was sent to be admiral of the navy. Although Lysander hated him, he surrendered the command of the ships but he returned the money he had received from Cyrus for the navy, to Cyrus at Sardis. He told Callicratidas to go ask Cyrus if he could have it and see how he could get money to pay the navy. This forced Callicratidas to go to Lydia to Cyrus and get money for the navy. Since he was not well known, he quickly grew impatient waiting to see Cyrus. He was put off from day to day. He said the Greeks had come to a low estate if they must now stand begging for pay from a company of barbarians. He delivered his request and left. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. and Plut. in the Life of Lysander.)

1397. Callicratidas sailed to Miletus and got the money from them for the navy. He sailed to Chios and took the citadel of Delphinium which was held by 500 Athenians and destroyed it. After he got more money there for the sailors, he went to Teos. He slipped into the town by night and sacked it. He came to Lesbos, where he took Methymna the chief city of the island. Conon, the Athenian, hurried to their rescue but arrived too late. When he came and found the situation hopeless, he began to sail away. Callicratidas chased him with his fleet of 170 ships. He attacked and defeated him. Conon lost 30 ships and fled with the 40 that were left to Mitylene. Callicratidas followed him there and blockaded him by sea and land. While he besieged Mitylene, Cyrus sent the money to him, he asked for. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13.)

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 1398. The Athenian navy of 150 ships sailed to Mitylene to break the blockade. Callicratidas, left Eteonicus with 50 ships to continue the siege and he sailed with 120 ships to the Arginuse Islands which were between Malea, the bay of Lesbos and Cape Catanis in Asia. He attacked the Athenians and was killed. The Athenians won the battle but lost 25 ships and most of the crew. A few were saved by swimming to shore. The Peloponesians lost 77 ships and fled to Chios. Most of the remaining fleet retired into the countries of Curna and Phocea. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13.) This battle at the Arginuse Islands happened when Callias was Archon at Athens, the 3rd year of the 93rd Olympiad. This is confirmed by Xenophon and Diodorus. Atheneus affirms this in his 5th book, Delphosoph.

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1399. Cyrus killed his two first cousins, Autobezaces and Mitreus, the sons of his father Darius' sister. When they met him, they had not pulled in their hands within their sleeves. This honour was reserved for the king only. Hieramenes and his wife, the parents, as it seems, of those who were killed heard about this. They told Darius that it was a shame for him to ignore so foul a deed by his son. Therefore, Darius sent for his son to come to him pretending that he was sick. Darius was in his camp at Thamneria in the country of the Medes where he went with his army against the Cadusians, a bordering nation which had recently revolted from him. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 2.)

1400. The Lacedemonians who were scattered in the countries of Eolia and Ionia, met together at Ephesus. They sent messengers to Lacedemon to let them know how things went with them in Asia and to request that they might again have Lysander for their general. He had proved his worth in the previous year. Cyrus also joined with them in this request. Their law stated that the same man could not be twice admiral of their fleet. Therefore they gave the title of admiral to Aracus but committed the whole management of the war to Lysander as a lieutenant to Aracus. Lysander came to Ephesus and sent to Eteonicus to come to him with his ships from Chios. He was to gather from Peloponesus and other lands all the ships that he could. Lysander repaired those which he had and built new ones in the port at Antandrus. (Xenophon. Hellen. l. 2. Diodorus in the 3rd and 4th years of the 93rd Olympiad. Plutarch in the Life of Lysander.)

1401. Lysander journeyed to Cyrus and desired money from him as before. He got it after much difficulty. Cyrus made it appear to him that because he was so generous to him in the past, he was short of funds. Lysander immediately appointed sea captains over every ship and paid every ship and sailor his due. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2.)

1402. When the Carthaginians captured Gela in Sicily, they took the huge brass statue of Apollo, which was in his temple in the suburbs of the city, back to Tyre. (Diod. year 4. Olympiad 93.)

1403. When Cyrus received his father's message, he sent for Lysander to come unto him at Sardis. He did not want him to fight the Athenians at sea until he had a far larger fleet than he had now. He promised that when he returned he would bring with him a very great navy from Phoenicia Cilicia and other surrounding areas. He committed the care of all the cities of his government to Lysander. All tributes that belonged to him, he assigned to Lysander. What was left over he said Lysander could keep for himself. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2. Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 93. Plutarch in the Life of Lysander.)

1404. Cyrus journeyed to his father and took Tissaphernes as a friend along with him and 300 Greek foot soldiers under the command of Xenophon of Arcadia. (Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri, l. 1. p. 243, 254.)

1405. When Cyrus was gone, Lysander paid his army and went with his fleet to Ceramium a bay in Caria. He attacked the town Cedreas which was a confederate of the Athenians and captured it the next day. He sacked it and enslaved its inhabitants who were no better than a kind of half barbarous people. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2.) However Diodorus (year 4. Olympiad 93.) states:

``Lysander, with a great number of ships attacked Thasus, a city of Caria and confederate of the Athenians. He took it by force, and cut the throats of the 800 men there. He sold the women and children as slaves and levelled the city to the ground.''

1406. He writes "Thasians" instead of "Cedrenians." These were the inhabitants of the isle of Thasus. These lived far off from there. After the defeat of the Athenians at Egos Potamos and the final ruin of Athens, the Thasians were not taken by force by Lysander but surprised by a ruse of his. This we may easily learn from a broken passage of (Emil. Probus, in the Life of Lysander,) and the complete account of the matter by (Polyenus, l. 1. Stratagem.)

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1407. At Miletus, a man overturned the democratic government there with the help of Lysander. In the Feast of Bacchus, they cut the throats of 40 of those those who opposed them in their own homes. Afterward in a crowded market, they seized 300 more of the richest people and cut off their heads. About 1000 of the important people who feared for their lives, fled to Pharnabazus, the Persian governor in those parts. He entertained them very kindly and gave every one of them a statue of gold. He gave them a citadel in Claudia called Clauda to live in. (I think this may be the island of Clauda mentioned in Ac 27:16.) (Dior. year 4. Olympiad 93.)

1408. The Athenians set sail from Samos and came to Chios and Ephesus. When they had wasted the king's countries in these areas, they prepared for a sea battle. Meanwhile Lysander sailed with his fleet from Rhodes and left Ionia on the right hand and went to Hellespont. He planned to blockade that strait and destroy all cities in those parts that had revolted from him. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2.)

1409. Lysander sailed from Abydus with his fleet to Lampsacus, a confederate city of the Athenians. He was met by the men from Abydus who came by land and others under the command of Thorax, a Lacedemonian captain. They attacked the city, captured and sacked it. It was rich, full of grain, wine and other provisions. He sent away the Athenian garrison. According to his word, he allowed all freemen there to enjoy their liberty. When he had given its spoil to his soldiers, he left the place to its inhabitants. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander.)

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 1410. The Athenian navy of 180 ships, was wholly surprised and taken by Lysander at Egos Potamos, in the strait of Hellespont. Barely 10 ships escaped with 3000 soldiers and their commanders. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander.)

1411. Conon their admiral, saw the Athenian cause was now hopeless. He did not want to return to Athens for fear of the cruelty of his country men. He escaped with 9 ships only to Cape Abarinders in Lampsacus. He took from there some main masts of Lysander's ships and sailed away to to his good acquaintence, Euagoras, king of Cyprus. He sent a small ship to Athens to tell them what had happened to him at Egos Potomos. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander, with Isocrat. in his Euagoras, Aristot. l. 2., Rhetor. Justin l. 5. c. 6. and Aristid. in Oratio. Rhodiaca.)

1412. Lysander had rifled their camp and carried away the ships, prisoners and spoils and everything else. He found the Triumphant Songs to Lampsacus for pipe and flute. The same day he sent Theopompus who had been a Milesian pirate, to Lacedon with the news of this victory. He went in the best ship with pennants and streamers flying and all other magnificent attire. Philocles the captain took 3 days to complete the journey. They had 3000 Athenian prisoners with them who had their throats cut except for Adimantus. (Xenoph. Diodor. Plutarch.)

1413. When Lysander had set all things in order at Lampsacus, he sailed to Byzantium and Chalcedon. Both cities opened their gates to him and sent away the Athenian garrisons in both places giving his word for safe conduct. When they who had formerly betrayed Byzantium to Alcibiades got away, they first went into Pontus and from there to Athens where they were all made free citizens. Lysander placed Sthenelaus, a Lacedemonian as governor of both Byzantium and Chalcedon. He returned to Lampsacus to repair his navy. (Xen. Hellen. l. 2.)

1414. Lysander expelled from every city any who favoured the Athenians and destroyed the democraties and all other forms of government he found. He left them only, Harmostae as they were called in Sparta or Moderators to govern them. Each city was divided into ten wards. He appointed ten men to rule the city. He only chose those who were formally loyal to him or would sware allegence to him. Thus he created a Decemvirate or a government of ten men in every city. These were all loyal to him and did his bidding. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Lysander.)

1415. After Lysander had spent a little time in this, he sent word to Sparta that he was ready to sail with 200 ships. Together with Agis and Pausanias, the Spartan kings, he immediately came to besiege Athens, hoping to take it in a short time. When he found that they defended themselves beyond his expectation, he returned into Asia. There he abolished all deomocraties and established everywhere his Decemvirates or government by ten men. He killed many and forced the rest to flee for their lives. At Miletus he helped his friends destroy the democratie there. They had joined an opposing party. He most cunningly managed the matter so that he delivered no less than 800 of the democratic party to be murdered by those which stood for an aristocracy in that city. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander.)

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1416. The Athenians were besieged by sea and land by the Lacedemonians. They surrendered under certain conditions. However, on the 16th day of Munichion the Attic month (the 24th of April, according to the Julian Calender) as Plutarch in his life reports, they were told that they had broken the articles because they had not demolished their walls within the 10 day time limit. Hence, it is gathered, that that peace tready was made upon the 6th of their month Munichion, that is on April 14. Thus ended the Peloponesian war after 27 years of fighting. (Thucidides in his 5th book)

1417. Shortly after this peace, Darius king of all Asia died after he had reigned for 19 years. His oldest son, Artaxerxes reigned for 43 years after him. (Diodor. Sic. year 4 Olympiad 93.) However, Ctesias who was physician to Artaxerxes, says, that Darius Ochus died at Babylon. He was succeeded by Arsacus or Arsaces who was born to him by Parysatis before he became king. When he became king, he changed his name to Artaxerxes. From respect the greatness of that king, he was surnamed Mnemon. To which also, as I conceive refers that account of (Athenaus, l. 12. Deipnosoph.) where he says that when Ochus was dying, he was asked by his oldest son by what wisdom and policy he had guided the state for so many years. He wanted to learn from the king the correct way to rule the kingdom. The old king replied that he had done it by always doing right to both God and man. Darius Ochus was often urged by his wife Parylatis, who loved her younger son Cyrus more than the older to follow the example of Darius Hystaspes. He left his first son that was born after he became king, the kingdom not the first born son who was born before this. However he would not listen to her. By his last will, he gave the kingdom to his oldest son Artaxerxes and to his younger son Cyrus all those cities and territories which he had at that time under his government in Asia. (Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes. Justin. l. 5. c. 11.)

1418. As soon as Artaxerxes came to the throne, his wife Statyra persuaded him to take Vadiastes, who had murdered Terituchmes, her brother and husband to Amistris, who was Artaxerxes' own sister. He had his tongue to be drawn backward out of his mouth and be cut off and he was killed. He made Mitredates or Mithridates' son, (who had preserved the city Zaris for the son of Terituchmes), satrap or governor in his place. (Ctesias)

1419. Artaxerxes went to Pasargada, where according to the custom, he was to take off his robe and to put on the robe which old Cyrus had worn before he became king. He was inaugurated according to the ancient regal ceremonies by the priests of Persia. Tissaphernes brought him the priest, who had instructed his brother Cyrus in his childhood, according to the custom of his country and taught him the principles of the art of magic. He was trusted by Artaxerxes when he accused Cyrus of plotting against the king. When Artaxerxes was taking off his own robes, he attacked his brother and planned to murder him in the very temple. (Plutarch. in the life of Artax.)

1420. Artaxerxes had his brother held for he planned to have him executed. He put him in gold chains out of the respect of his royal blood. When he was to be killed, his mother caught him about the middle and then threw her hair around his neck and tied him with her hair. After many tears and lamentations she secured his pardon and position back. He was sent again to his command in Lydia and the other sea towns in Asia. (Plutarch. in the life of Artax., Xenoph. in Expediso. Cyri. l. 1. Justin. l. 4. c. Ult., Ctesias.)

1421. Alcibiades feared the power of the Lacedemonians who commanded all the sea and land. He left that part of Bithynia which belonged to the Thracians and carried with him a great quantity of silver and gold. However, he left much more behind in the citadel where he had been. As soon as the Thracians knew about his wealth, they planned to catch him and take his money. They missed him for he stole secretly away to Pharnabazus in Phrygia. He was so taken and enamoured with Alcibiades' gentle behaviour that no man was so close to him as Alcibiades was. Hence he gave him the citadel of Grynium in Phrygia. He made 50 talents a year in tribute from the place. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Alcibiades.)

1422. The Lysandrian feast and games were instituted in honour of Lysander. When Antimachus and Niceratus contested in Poetry, Lysander gave the garland to Niceratus. Antimachus was so disappointed that he burnt his own poem. The youth, Plato, cheered him and told him that ignorance harmed only the ignorant themselves, as blindness did the blind. (Plut. in the life of Lysander, with Diod. Sic. 4th. year 93rd Olympiad, from Apollodorus.)

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 1423. In the next Olympiad after the capture of Athens by Lysander, Crocinas a Thessalian won the prize in running. This was the 94th Olympiad. Xenephon (Xeneph. Hellen. 2.) states that there was an eclipse of the sun which the astronomical calculations show happened on the morning of September 3.

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1424. When Cyrus returned safely into Lydia, he remembered how his brother had shackled him and began to plan how he might avoid future problems with his brother and how he might make himself king. Therefore he gathered as many Greek soldiers as possible and made various excuses to gather a great army from many nations. He planned a surprise attack on his brother. (Xenoph. Exped. Cyr. l. 1. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes.) He sent Lysander a gift of a ship made all of gold and ivory, 2 cubits (a yard) high. He congratulated him with this gift for the great sea victory he had. Lysander put the present in the treasury of Brasidas and Acanthians. (Plutarch in his Lysander) Lysander came to him at Sardis to deliver a present from all the confederate cities. Among these things was perhaps that jewel or necklace, which Elian. (Var. Histor. l. 12. c. 1.) says, was sent to him from Scopas the younger from Thessaly. Cyrus welcomed him and showed him his orchard which he had laid out and planted himself. He entertained Lysander with a discourse on husbandry as recorded by Xenophon in his Oesonimies, in the person of Socrates.

1425. Among the Persians, Satabarzanes accused Orontes for keeping company with Parysatis, the king's mother. His other wife had always been faithful to him. Therefore Orontes was executed. Parysatis grew unhappy with her son and had Mithridatis that son of Terituchnes' son to be poisoned. (Ctesias.)

1426. When Alcibiades learned that Cyrus intended to make a war against his brother with the Lacedemonian's support, he planned to go quickly to Artaxerxes. He wanted to be the first to expose this treason and hoped to get some reward for himself as Themistocles had done before him. He also wanted the king's help to free his country of Athens from their Lacedemonian bondage. Meanwhile, Critias, one of those 30 tyrants, whom Lysander had set over the Athenians to rule them, told Lysander to have Alcibiades killed or all that he did at Athens would be undone. Lysander did nothing until a cipher was brought him from Lacedemon ordering him to kill Alcibiades. Lysander sent to Pharnabazus to let him know that unless he immediately gave him Alcibides either dead or alive, the league between the king and the Lacedemonians would be broken and war would break out again. Pharnabazus sent Susamithres' uncle and Magaeus, (whom Emil. Probus calls Bagoas) to murder Alcibiades while he was in a certain place in Phrygia called Melissa near the mountain of Elophois. He was preparing for his journey toward the king.

1427. The people of the country whom they had hired to kill him, dared not attempt it directly. In the dead of the night they put a great pile of wood around the house where he was sleeping and set it on fire. When Alcibiades escaped they shot arrows at him which killed him. They carried his head to Pharnabazus. His sweet heart wrapped the rest of his body in her own gown. (A little before he had dreamed that he was wrapped in it.) She buried the body in the same fire which the house was burned with and gave him as honourable a funeral as she could afford. (Ephorus l. 17. cited by Diod. year 1. Olym. 94. Aristot. Histor. Animal. l. 6. c. 29. Cic. l. 1. de Divina. Valer. Max. l. 1. c. 7. Justin. l. 5. c. 8. Athen. Deipnosaph. l. 13. Plutarch and Emil. Prob. in their lives of Alcibiades.)

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1428. Clearchus a Lacedemonian was a tyrant of Byzantium. He was overthrown by his own people under the leadership of Panthoedas. He stole away by night and came into Ionia. He learned that Cyrus planned to attack his brother. He befriended Cyrus and was made general of all his forces. Cyrus found that he was a proud, courageous and daring man. He gave him 10000 dracmas. He raised forces and marching from Chersonsus and attacked the Thracians that bordered northward upon Hellespont. Because it seemed to the advantage of the Greeks, therefore the cities of Hellespont contributed willingly to the support of the army. So that these forces were maintained secretly for the service of Cyrus. (Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri. l. 1. Diodor. year 2. Olympiad 94.)

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1429. Lysander brutally wasted the province of Phrygia and other places under the government of Pharnabazus. Therefore he complained about this at Lacedemon where he was held in great esteem and much beloved because he had much wealth and always supported their state against its enemies. Therefore the Ephori were greatly displeased with Lysander. They killed Thorax, his good friend because they found that he had a store of money in his house. They sent their cypher to Lysander and recalled him from Asia. Hereupon Lysander entreated Pharnabazus to write letters to justify him. This he publicly did. These were so well done that Lysander could not have wished for better. Since he had other letters already written, he inserted them into the bundle when they were sealed. He sent them away by Lysander to Lacedemon for the Ephori. Thereby, he was made to be the accuser against himself. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in their lives, of Lysander and Polyanus, l. 7. Stratagem.)

1430. Not long after this, he was permitted by the Ephori to travel to visit the temple of Jupiter Ammon. He pretended that it was to pay the vows which he had made before he entered into certain battles which he had fought in their service. However the real purpose was to bribe the priests there for his own ends. To that end, he carried with him a large sum of money. There he had an old friend of his father, King Lybis. In memorial of that friendship his father named his younger brother, Lybis. The chief priest of that oracle would not be bribed and informed against him at Sparta. When he returned to Sparta, he was called into question for it but was acquitted by the court. (Diodor. year 2 of the 94th Olympiad, Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their lives of Lysander.)

3602 AM, 4312 JP, 402 BC

1431. At this time all the cities of Ionia, except Miletus which was under the government of Tissaphernes, defected to Cyrus. When Tissaphernes was residing at Miletus, he learned that the Milesians were also inclined toward Cyrus. He thwarted their purpose by killing some of them and expelling others. When these came to Cyrus, he graciously received them. He immediately gathered an army by land and sea to restore to them their city. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 244.) Among his army was Socrates of Achaia with 500 foot soldiers and Pasio of Megara with almost 700 more. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 245) Cyrus' admiral, Tamos an Egyptian, blockaded Miletus with 25 ships. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 252.)

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 1432. Cyrus sent to Artaxerxes requesting that he would entrust those cities to him rather than with Tissaphernes. His mother supported him in this. When the king learned that there was no treason in this action, but Cyrus had kept an army only to oppose Tissaphernes, he was content that they should forget past differences. For Cyrus duly sent to Artaxerxes the tribute from those cities, which Tissaphernes had formerly held. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 241.)

1433. This Cyrus was never king either of Persia or Babylon. He is the man, whom Geor. Harvartus fancies was the king who after the end of the Babylonian captivity, allowed the Jews to return home with their governor Zerubbabel and Joshua, or Jeshua, the son of Jozadak the high priest. However, it was Artaxerxes Mneonon who was then king of Persia, and Johannes, who in Ne 12:11,22,23 is called Johanan and Jonathan, was the high priest of the Jews. The governor of the Jewish nation was a certain Persian Lord, whom Josephus Antiquit. (l. 11. c. 7.) says was called Bagoses a captain of another Artaxerxes as Rasinus translates him. That is another descendent from Artaxerxes Longimanus of whom Josephus had spoken in the next precedent chapter. But the relationship which he makes between these men is this:

1434. Jesus was brother to Johannes the high priest whom Bogoses was a close friend and promised to bestow the next high priesthood on him. Confident of Bogoses' support, Jesus became very bold. First he had an argument with John and then a public brawl with his brother in the very temple. He provoked John so much that his brother slew him in the place. When this happened, Bagoses came and profaned the temple by entering it. He said that the high priest had already polluted it with his own brother's blood. For the next 7 years he vexed the Jews for that murder and lay a heavy fine upon them. Before they offered their daily sacrifice, they should pay (not for every year, as the common translations of Josepheus and from them Salianus have it) but for every lamb, 50 drachmas. This punishment continued only as long as that Johannes was the high priest. We determine this happened in the reign of Artaxerxes Mnemon, not Artaxerxes Ochus. With the beginning of Artaxerxes Mnemon's reign we therefore reckon this because we find mentioned Johannes or Johanan (though not then the high priest) in Ezr 10:6 Ne 12:23. For between the 7th year of Artaxerxes Longimanus to which that history of Ezra refers and the end of the 7th year of Artaxerxes Mnemon's reign (before which we suppose and take for granted, that this Johannes did not die) there was at least 70 years according to our account. So he died after living over 90 years and his son Jaddus succeeded him in the priesthood and held it to the reign of Alexander the Great. He died about the age of 83, if we suppose that he was born the end of Darius Nothus' reign. This is an aside. We now return to the history of Cyrus the younger, who died before he was 22 years old.

3603 AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1435. Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedemon and asked them that as he from time to time had supported them with men and money against the Athenians, so now they would send him men. He bragged that if they sent them footmen, he would give them horses, if horsemen, chariots, if they had lands, he would give them towns, if towns, cities for their reward. For their wages, they would have it not by number but by weight paid to them. Hereupon, the Lacedemonians determined what he asked for was right and that this war be to their advantage. Ignoring the fact that this war was against Artaxerxes, they planned to send him aid hoping to ingratiate themselves to Cyrus. If things did not go as planned they had a good excuse to Artaxerxes that they had decreed nothing against him in person. The Ephori sent letters to their admiral at Samos to do whatever Cyrus required. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 4 Olympiad 94. Justin l. 5. c. ult. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes.)

1436. Therefore the Lacedemonian admiral with his ships sailed to Ephesus to meet with Tamos the Egyptian, admiral to Cyrus and offered Tamos his services to the best of his ability. He joined his fleet with Tamos' fleet. They sailed around the coast of Ionia to Caria so that Syenesis the governor of those lands, would not move to hinder Cyrus in his march by land against his brother. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3., Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94., Xenophon, Cy. l. 1. p. 248, 252.) Diodorus says, that Samos, the Lacedemonian admiral at Samos, had 25 ships and Tamos had 50. Upon the more accurate testimony of Xenophon, in his book of this journey, undertaken by Cyrus, Tamos had only 25 ships and Pythagoras the Lacedmonian, 35, (for he makes him to be the other admiral and not Samos)

1437. Cyrus with his army of foot soldiers resolved to march into upper Asia under the pretence that he went against the Pisidians who often attacked areas under his control. Thereupon he sent for Clearchus the Lacedemonian, Aristippus of Thessaly, Xenes of Arcadia, the banished of Miletus, the army which besieged Miletus. He sent Proxenus a Boeotian with all the speed he could make to the Greeks and others to come quickly to Sardis. (Xenoph. de Exped. Cy. l. 1.)

3603b AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1438. When Tissaphernes determined that a much greater force was being assembled then an attack on the Pisidians would require, he hurried away with 600 cavalry as fast as he could to Artaxerxes. When he knew what was happening, he prepared for war. (Xenoph. de Exped. Cy. l. 1.)

1439. Cyrus left some of his trusted Persian friends to manage affairs at Lydia. He entrusted his good friend Tamos, the Egyptian admiral to take care of the cities of Ionia and Eolia in his absence. He marched with his army towards Caria and Pisidia under the pretence that certain persons in those parts were unruly. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.)

``But how Cyrus gathered his army, marched against his brother, how the battle was fought and how Cyrus perished in it and how those Greeks who went with him, came back again safely to the sea, i.e. into Asia Minor, Themistogenes of Syracuse has recorded. Xenophon states this in the beginning of the third book of his Greek History. If we compare this part of the history with Plutarch's book, (de Gloria Athenicusium), he says that Xenophon wrote a history of himself. He recorded how he was a captain and what exploits he did. Then he said that Themisogenes of Syracuse had written it, thus giving away the glory of this his writing to another man so that the things therein written of himself, might find the more credit in the world.''

1440. And another place in Suidas, he shows:

``That the Expedition of Cyrus, which commonly goes with Xenophon's History of the Greeks and some other pieces concerning his own country, were all of Xenophon's own writings.''

1441. For indeed, these books of the Expedition of Cyrus went before with the rest of his Greek Histories. In the end of it, he plainly says, that the writer of it was present at all those events. Therefore the work itself, which is everywhere full of Xenophon's noble acts, is attributed to him not only by Plutarch but long before him by Cicero, Dionysins, Halicarnassaeus, Hermogenes, Laertius, Athenaeus and (not to speak of our Divines, Eusebius, and Jerome) by Arianus of Nicomedia. Themistogenes also had the nick name of New Xenophon as we read in Photius and Suidas because he compiled the discourses of his teacher Epictetus in 4 books, as Xenophon had done for those of his teacher Socrates. Also, as Xenophon had written that Expedition of Cyrus in 7 books, so he had written the Expedition of Alexander in 7 books. Although Xenephon in his Expedition of Cyrus which has a brief preface to every book but not to the set in general as Laertius has noted. Where as in every book except the 6th, Themistogenes made a preface using a summary of the previous books which Xenophon did not do in his books. Themistogenes has details in those books which do not flatter Xenophon. Therefore, I am rather inclined to think that these books were written by Themistogenes and not by Xenophon. However, I followed the authority of those ancient writers. I have all along cited him by the name of Xenophon, as they have done before me.

1442. Now of those five points mentioned by Xenophon (Xenop. Hellen. l. 3.) and said to have been written by Themistogenes the first four are entirely in the first book of this Expedition of Cyrus.

1. The gathering of his army.
2. Their marching into upper Asia and coming to the place where they fought.
3. The details of the battle.
4. The fall of Cyrus in that battle.

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1443. Cyrus left Sardis, where Xenophon had met him after being sent for from Athens by Proxenus the Boeotian. There he volunteered for the action, as we find in the 3rd book and came to Celaenae in Phrygia. He stayed there 30 days. During that time Clearchus and other Greek commanders came from various parts to him. They assembled a force of 11,000 foot soldiers and about 2000 targeteers.

3603c AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1444. From Celaenae, Cyrus came with his army to the bank of Cayster. He received money from Epiaxa the wife of Syenesis the king of Cilicia. (Cyrus was formerly thought to have been too familiar with her.) He paid his army the 3 back months he owed them plus the next month in advance. Epiaxa arrived at Tartius in Cilicia 5 days before Cyrus. She persuaded her husband Syenesis to come there also and to give Cyrus a vast sum of money toward the support of his army. Both Ctesias and Diodorus add, that Syenesis, like a wise man, supplied both Cyrus and Artaxerxes with the necessities for the war. For having two sons, he sent one of them to Cyrus with a competent number of men for his service. However he had sent away the other privately before to Artaxerxes to let him know that with such an army as Cyrus had, he dared not oppose Cyrus but publicly joined with him. Nevertheless he was loyal to Artaxerxes and would defect to him as soon as he could find an opportunity. Cyrus stayed 20 days at Tarsus where the Greek companies told him plainly that they would march no farther. Clearchus by his tact, changed their mind so they marched to Issus. This was the remotest city of Cilicia where Cyrus' fleet met him bringing him 700 foot soldiers, but Diodorus says 800. The Lacedemonians had sent these men to Cyrus under the command of Chirosophus. Also 400 foot soldiers who had formerly served Artaxerxes under their captain Abrocomus came into his camp. However, Abrocomus left Phaenicia with 300,000 men and marched to Artaxerxes and arrived 5 days before the battle. By leaving the place where he was, Cyrus passed the straits of Syria and without halting came to the place of the pending battle. He travelled from Ephesus to that place in 93 days and marched 535 parasanges or about 2000 miles or over 21 miles a day.

1445. According to Plutarch, the battle was fought at Cynaxa which is about 63 miles from Babylon. According to the 2nd book of the Expedition of Cyrus, that the fight was about 383 miles from Babylon. Jacobus Capellus, thinks it should be read, "from Susa". In the army of Cyrus there were about 13,000 Greek soldiers although Justin. (l. 5. c. ult.) says, there were not more than 10,000. Of these, there were 10,400 foot soldiers and 2500 targeteers. From the other nations, 100,000 men and about 20 hooked chariots. Artaxerxes had 900,000 men and 1500 hooked chariots. However, Ctesias Cnidius, who was in the battle is quoted by Plutarch and Ephorus who is cited by Diodorus state there were only 400,000. In the battle 15,000 soldiers of Artaxerxes died according to Diodorus and 3000 on the side of Cyrus. However, Ctesias in Plutarch states that Artaxerxes lost not more than 9000 soldiers and not more than 20,000 died that day. This battle was fought the 4th year Olympiad 94. when Xenaenetus was archon in Athens and one year before Socrates was put to death there. (Diogenes Laertius, in the life of Socrates)

1446. In this battle the two brothers met and Artaxerxes was first wounded through his coat of armour. Ctesias helped him recover from this wound. Cyrus carried on with good success against his brother, fearing no danger and was slain by an unknown hand in the battle. Artaxerxes spent his rage upon the dead body of his brother. He severed his head from the body of him and cut off the hand from the arm that had wounded him. He carried it about in a triumphant manner. When his sorrowful mother came to Babylon she tearfully gathered up his remains and buried them there. The battle between the two brothers is more fully described by Plutarch, from Ctesias and Dinon.

1447. When the king came to rifle his camp, he found and took the concubine of Cyrus. She was a woman much renowned for her wit and beauty. (Xenoph. l. 1. p. 270. Exped. Cy.) She was a Phoecaean who was born in Ionia the daughter of Hermotimus. Her name was Mitto but was changed by Cyrus to Aspasia because she seemed equal to Aspasia the Miletian, who was the mistress of Pericles. See note on 3564 AM. Artaxerxes was anxious to get her. When she was brought to him all bound, he grew exceedingly angry with those who had brought her and laid them in irons. She was most highly esteemed of all the 360 concubines he had and he doted on her the most. (Plut. in the lives of Pericles and Artaxerxes. Ilian. Var. Hist. l. 12. c. 1. Justin. l. 10. c. 2.)

1448. The Greeks on the other side did not know that Cyrus was dead so they kept on fighting. In their quarter they beat back Tissaphernes and all his forces with a squadron of about 6000 Greeks according to Isocrates. In his Panegyric, he adds:

``that they were not of the best Greeks but the mere refuse of them and such as could no longer live in their own homes. These now in a strange country, forsaken of their companions, betrayed by their companies and bereft of their captain whom they followed to this war.''

1449. The king came with most of his army to rescue Tissaphernes. He entered their camp and rifled it. However, when the Greeks returned from the pursuit of Tissaphernes, they recovered their camp and drove the king from it. They spent the night there with no food and went hungry the next day too. This is the end of Xenophon's first book of Cyrus' Journey.

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1450. The second book describes how these Greeks under the command of Clearchus planned to return home again. Tissaphernes promised to escort them back with his own forces and to guide them. He broke this promise. He rounded up Clearchus, with Proxenus, Agias and Socrates with 20 more captains and 200 soldiers to be murdered. Ctesias also in his Persian History, (which the author of this book of the voyage of Cyrus had undoubtedly read) had formerly told us how cunningly Tissaphernes worked. Using Menon, a Thessalian and by his promises he captured Clearchus and the rest mentioned in the group. They were put in irons and sent to the king at Babylon. Ctesias tells how he was the physician to Parysatis, the king's mother. Through her he was able to help Clearchus while he was in prison. Through her request to the king, the king had promised that Clearchus would not be harmed. However, by the instigation of Statyra his queen, the king had Clearchus and all the rest of the commanders except Menon to be butchered. All the bodies were thrown out and devoured by wild beasts and birds. Only the body of Clearchus was covered and preserved by a huge sandhill caused by a strong wind. (Ctesias in the collections of Photius and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes.)

3603d AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1451. In Xenophon's 3rd and 4th book, he narrates the journey back to Greece of the rest of the Greeks whom Tissaphernes did not capture. Xenophon had the soldiers choose new captains to replace the ones they lost. Xenophon was chosen to replace Proxenus. He describes their journey through many enemy countries and how they endured the very cold winter and many hardships and dangers. Finally they returned home safely. This account is found in Diodorus Siculus, (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.) and in Isocrates' Panegyric.

1452. For his good service in this war, Artaxerxes gave Tissaphernes all the governments which his brother Cyrus held in addition to what he had before. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad, 94.) He lavished many other expensive gifts and favours on him. Lastly, he gave him his own daughter for a wife. Tissaphernes was his most confident friend and servant. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.)

1453. For 10 days, Parysatis, the king's mother tortured the Carian who mortally wounded Cyrus in the thigh. She had his eyes pulled out and boiling lead poured in at his ear holes until he died. Mithridates, who first wounded Cyrus and bragged that he had killed him, was put between two boats. He lay there for 17 days until he was eaten out with worms. Parysates won Bagabaeus, the king's eunuch from the king at a dice game. It was he who ordered Cyrus' head and right hand to be cut off. She had him flayed alive and then his body was laid across three crosses and his flayed skin hung near it. After this by the humble suit of the king, Parysatis stopped mourning for her son Cyrus. (Ctesias and Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes.)

1454. Parysatis had the queen Statyra, her daughter-in-law poisoned. Statyra had a trusted maid servant called Gingis or Gigis. Dinon says she willing helped in the death of Statyra. Ctesias said she did it against her will. The one who gave the poison was called Bellitara by Ctesias and Melantas by Dinon. There is a little bird in Persia called Rhintaces or Rhindaces which has no excrements at all but all its guts are full of fat. One of these birds, Parysatis cut in two with a knife and gave the poisoned half to Statyra as they sat at dinner. This is what Ctesias thinks happened. However, Dinon says that it was Melanta not Parysatis, who served her the poisoned bird. When the Queen died in extreme torments after this, the king suspected his mother for it. She was well known for her cruelty and implacable disposition of nature. He had the servants and carvers to be questioned and used the rack on them. Parysatis kept Gingis a long time in her own chamber and though the king required her yet would she not give her up to justice. At last Ginges desired to steal secretly to her own home by night. Artaxerxes captured her and punished her as a poisoner. He did not harm his mother but when she asked permission to go to Babylon, he gave it to her. However, he told her that while she lived, he would not come there. (Plutarch, in the life of Artaxerxes.)

1455. Aristo, with some others, surprised the city of Cyrene. In the battle they slew 500 of the principal men of the inhabitants. The rest escaped. These joined with some 3000 of the Missenians, whom the Lacedemonians at this time had expelled from their country. They fought in an open field with those who had taken their city. In the fight, many of the Cyrenians on both sides were killed. Almost all the Missenians were killed. When the fight was over, the Cyrenians agreed with an oath to forget the past and live together peacefully. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 94.)

3604a AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1456. Tissaphernes (Diodorus incorrectly writes Pharnabazus) was sent by Artaxerxes to take charge of all the governments in Asia Minor. He also wanted all the cities of Ionia. (Xenoph, Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 95.)

1457. When Tissaphernes came, all the governors and cities who had followed Cyrus were afraid and sued for peace. Tamos the Egyptian who was the most important of these, was governor of Ionia. (See notes on 3593 & 3603b AM.) He loaded his fleet with all his treasure and his sons except Gaus, (who later became the king's general) and sailed to Egypt. He visited Psammyticus the king and was confident of good treatment because of how he had treated Psammyticus in the past. However, Psammyticus disregarded past favours done to him and butchered him and his children to get the ships and treasure which he had brought. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 95.)

1458. The Greeks (of whom I spoke before) departed from Trapezus which was the first Greek city they came to. It is situated on the coast of the Euxine Sea in the country of Colchos. After a 3 day march, they came to another Greek city in the same country of Colchos. It was also a sea town as was the former town and was called Cerasunta. They stayed there 10 days and numbered their men. Only 8600 remained of the 10000 they started with. The rest were lost. Either they were killed by the enemy in the battle or they died in the snow or of other sicknesses on their return journey. From there, they went through the countries of the Mosynaecori, the Chalybes and Tybarenians and came to a Greek town called Catyora, a colony of the Synopians. 8 months or rather, as the order of the history implies, 5 months after the battle in the country of Babylon. They journeyed from there to this place in 122 days and marched 620 parasanges or 4650 miles (about 38 miles per day). They stayed here 45 days. (Exped. Cy. l. 5.)

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 3604b AM, 4314 JP, 400 BC

1459. During their stay here, they got their provisions partly from the market of Colyora and partly by plundering the countries around Paphlagonia. On the other hand, the Paphlagonians, if they found any of them straggling from the camp, they attacked them. Finally, Corylas, who was governor of the Paphlagonians, made peace between them. Afterward these Greeks were transported by ship by the men of Heraclea and Synope. They came to Harmone, a port of Synope where they stayed 5 days. From there they went to Heraclea in the country of the Myrianden. It was a colony of the city of Megara. They came to a peninsula called Acherusia and divided themselves into three companies.

1460. The 4500 plus foot soldiers of the Arcadians and Achaeans were transported by ship by the Heracleans. They hurried aboard hoping to surprise the Thracians who inhabited Bithynia so they might get all the more spoil. They landed at night at Calpe which is in the middle of their sea coast. They went to the next towns and villages about 6 miles up the country. When these Thracians were attacked, they fought back and killed many of the Greeks. One regiment of them with their colonel Smicrates was entirely cut off. Only 8 soldiers and their captain Hegesandrus escaped in another company. The rest fled to a hill for safety and were besieged by the Thacians.

1461. Chirosophus with 1400 foot soldiers and 700 targeteers, (who were Thracians and had followed Clearchus on that journey) went from Heraclea all along the country by foot. He finally came into Bithynia. Not feeling well, he with his men sailed to Calpe.

1462. Xenophon with his brigade of 1700 foot soldiers, 800 targeteers and about 40 cavalry came by sea into a country which separates the Thracians of Bithynia from the country of the Heracleans. He marched through the centre of the country and came and rescued those who were besieged in the hill by the Thracians. Finally they assembled again as one body at the port of Calpe. (Exped. Cy. l. 6.)

1463. Chirosophus died here and was replaced by Neo, an Asinian. When he saw his troops hungry and short of supplies, he gathered 2000 men and went foraging all over the country of Bithynia. Pharnabazus sent his cavalry to help the Bithynians. He hoped to keep these Greeks out of his lands. On the first attack, the cavalry killed at least 500 Greeks and the rest fled to a hill for safety. Xenophon rescued them from the enemy and they all returned safely to the camp before sunset. When Spithridates and Rhathines came with more troops to help the Bithynians, the Greeks won a notable victory and erected a monument in memory of it there. They returned the 7 or 8 miles to their camp by the seaside. After this victory, their enemies provided for their own safety by driving their cattle and carrying away their families and goods to more remote parts. When the Greeks passed through Bithynia, they found nothing of use to them. They returned back a day and a night's journey into Bithynia again. They found and brought from there some prisoners, sheep and other provisions for their own needs. After 6 days, they came to Chrysopolis, a city of the Chalcedonians and stayed here 7 days. They sold their plunder here. (Exped. Cy. l. 6.)

1464. Pharnabazus feared that these Greeks would make war on his country. He arranged with Anaxibius, the Lacedemonian admiral to ship them all out of Asia to Byzantium. When Anaxibius returned from there with Xenophon into Asia, he received word at Cyzicum from Aristarchus the new governor of Byzantium. Polus was appointed admiral in his place and he was on his way as far as Hellespont. Therefore he sailed from thence to Patros. He sent to Pharnabazus and requested the money which he had promised him for shipping the Greeks from Asia. When he did not get it, he planned with Xenophon to hastily carry the Greeks back again into Asia. Pharnabazus prevailed upon Aristarchus, the governor of Byzantium so that he thwarted that plan. Since the winter was not over, Xenophon hired himself to Senthes the king of Thracia. The cold was so extreme that many Greeks lost their noses and ears from frostbite. (Exped. Cy. l. 7.) Diodorus tells us that some Greeks returned into their own country but almost 5000 followed Xenophon into Thracia. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olympiad 95.) Hence, it appears, that his number is incorrect where he says that only 3800 men came to Chrysopolis. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.)

3604c AM, 4314 JP, 400 BC

1465. The Ionian and other Greek cities throughout Asia did nor accept Tissaphernes' government. They wanted their freedom and feared Tissaphernes because they had always preferred Cyrus over him. They sent messengers to the Lacedemonians asking them for help. Since they were the protectors of all Greece, they wanted them to take over so that their country could be free from war and they could have liberty as other Greeks. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymipiad 95.)

1466. This petition was very welcome to the Lacedemonians. Like most men, the more they had the more they wanted. They were not content to have doubled their empire by taking over Athens. Now they wanted to control all of Asia too. (Justin. l. 6. c. 1.)

1467. Therefore, the Lacedemonians promised them aid in the first message they sent back. They immediately sent to Tissaphernes to ask him not to make war on the Asian Greek Cities. Out of contempt for them, he wasted all the region around the city of Cuma and took many prisoners. Then he came with his army and besieged the city. Because the winter was coming, he could not take it at that time. So he set a great ransom on the prisoners and abandoned his siege. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymipiad 95)

1468. After this Thimbron went into Asia with an army of 1000 newly made citizens of Laconia, 4000 of Pelopnoesus and 300 Athenian cavalry. The cavalry had formerly served the 30 tyrants of Athens. The city desired that this group should be wasted by foreign services rather than be kept at home to do greater mischief. When Thimbron, came into Asia, he increased his army by troops from the confederate cities there. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3.) At Ephesus, he added 2000 more troops from these cities for a total army of about 7000 men. He marched about 15 miles into the country and took Magnesia on his first assault. It was a city under Tissaphernes' government. From there he went to Tralles a city of Ionia and began to besiege it. Since its location was very strongly fortified, he left it and went back to the unwalled town of Magnesia. He feared that as soon as he was gone, Tissaphernes would take it again. He moved it to a hill nearby called Thorax which was a more easily defended position. He plundered the enemies' country and greatly enriched his army. When he heard that Tissaphernes was coming down upon him with an army of cavalry, he retired to Ephesus. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymipiad 95) He was not a match for the cavalry and dared not stay in the plain. He thought it enough if he were able to keep the countries where he was from being plundered by the enemy.

1469. When the Greeks under Xenophon had served Senthes 3 months in Thracia, Charminus and Polynicus were sent from Thimbron to tell them that he needed their help in Asia against Tissaphernes. He would pay each soldier a daric a month. Each captain of a company would be paid 2 darics and every colonel 4. Xenophon told them that he personally planned to return home. Most of the army came to him and earnestly asked him not to leave them until he had led them to Thimbron. Therefore, he went aboard with them and sailed to Lampsacus. There he met and conferred with Euclid, the Phliasian poet. After they passed through the territory of Troas, they came to Pergamus. Xenophon was entertained by Hellas the wife of Gongylus of Eretria and her two sons, Gorgius and Gongylus. By her counsel, he went to capture Asidates the Persian. This he failed to do and exposed himself and his men to great danger. Finally by chance, his soldiers captured him with his wife and children and cavalry and all that they owned. They were very rich. Thimbron came and received the army from Xenophon. He added these troops to the rest of the Greeks in his army and he led them against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. (Exped. Cy. l. 7.)

1470. Here ends the 7 books of the Expedition of Cyrus. The writer of it, whomever he was, was present for all these events. He concludes his book, with this epilogue. The king's governors in the counties which we passed through, were these:

``Artimas of Lydia, Articamas of Phrygia, Mithridates of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, Siennesis of Cilicia, Dernes of Phenicia and Arabia, Belesis of Syria and Assyria, Rhoparas of Babylonia, Arbacas of Media, Teribazas of Phasis and Iberia, the Carduchi, the Chalybes, the Azacrones, the Colchi, the Mosynacci, the Coeti. The Tybareni had no governors but were all free people. Corylas was governor of Paphlagonia, Pharnabazus of Bithynia, Seuthes was king of the Thracians, on the European side.''

1471. The whole journey, going and coming, lasted 215 days. They travelled 1150 parasanges, or 4282 miles (4313 miles allowing 3.75 miles per parasange.) The whole expedition lasted 15 months.

3604d AM, 4314 JP, 400 BC

1472. When Thimbron was strengthened with these new troops he dared to pitch his camp in the fields under Tissaphernes' nose. Pergamus voluntary surrendered to him. Likewise did Tenthrania and Halisarnia which were commanded at that time by Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Demaratus of Lacedemon. Gorgins and Gongylus, the two brothers mentioned previously had already joined him. One held Gambrius and Palegambrius, the other Myrina, and Grinium and Thimbron captured the other weaker places by force. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3.)

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 3605 AM, 4315 JP, 399 BC

1473. Thimbron besieged Larissa, a town in Asia called Egyptia when it would not surrender to him. While he besieged it with little effect, the Ephori at Sparta sent him letters stating that he should leave Larissa and march to Caria and on to Ephesus. Dercylidas, an excellent engineer and for his wit he was surnamed Sisyphus, was on his way to take command of the army. When Thimbron returned to Sparta, he was there accused by various confederate cities, for allowing his army to plunder them. Therefore he was banished from the city. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad.)

1474. Mania was a woman of Dardania, of manly courage. After the death of her husband Zenis, she had managed very well the government of Eolia under Pharnabazus and had taken in various sea towns, as Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colone. She was most treacherously murdered by her son-in-law Midias when she was about 40 years old. Her 17 year old son was murdered with her. Midias seized the two strong towns, Scephis and Gergitha where she had stored most of her treasure. The garrisons in the rest of the towns remained loyal to Pharnabazus. Midias sent messengers to Pharnabazus with great presents desiring that he might manage the whole government of those parts upon the same terms that Mania did. This was for nought. Pharnabazus answered that he should never rest if he did not avenge the murder of Mania. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Polyae, l. 8. in Tania, or Phania, for so by a misprint Mania is called.)

1475. Dercylidas saw that he had to deal with both Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, two great commanders each supported by a large army. When he saw that they were at odds with one another, he made peace with Tissaphernes (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. with Justin l. 6. c. 1. where yet Hercylidas is put for Dercylidas.)

1476. After Dercylidas had first conferred with Tissaphernes, he marched to Eolia without plundering the country. Eolia was under Pharnabazus' government. He had an old grudge against Pharnabazus for an insult he received from him while he commanded at Abydus under Lysander. Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colonae surrendered to him without a fight. (Note that here Diodorus Siculus has Arista instead of Larissa.) Neandrus, Ilium also surrendered to him. The Cocylitae did not fight with him. Cebrene, a very strong and fortified city did not wish to be assaulted and also surrendered. He left a large garrison there and he immediately marched with the rest of his army to Scephis and Gergithe. Midias feared the very inhabitants of that place and Pharnabazus. He went out with hostages to parley and to seek to join forces against a common enemy. Dercylidas laid hold of him and told him plainly that there was no hope of any friendship between them unless he would set free all the citizens of those places which he held to live according to their own laws. He marched into Scepsis with him and there offered sacrifice to Minerva. He expelled Midias' soldiers and persuaded the inhabitants to defend their newly acquired liberty. He next went to Gergithe with his army. When Midias desired that he would at least leave him that city, he ignored Midias' request. Midias ordered the gates to be opened and Dercylidas entered the city. He found the money which Mania had there, sufficient to maintain an army of 8000 men for almost a whole year. He took the money and sent back Midias to live as a private citizen at Scepsis. Xenophon tells us, that in 8 days, he took 9 cities. Diodorus (Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad), writes that what by force and tricks he used to take over all the cities and country of Troas.

1477. There was a quarrel between Artaxerxes and Euagoras the king of Salamis in the isle of Cyprus. He had expelled from there Abdemon Thyrsius who was governor of the place and one who was a good friend of Artaxerxes. Theopompus, (Excerpta Photii, num. 176.) calls him, Abdymon Cityces. This quarrel was settled by the mediation of Conon the Athenian, who had lived with Euagoras and Ctesias the Cnidian, who had long lived in the court in Persia. The condition was that Euagoras would pay a certain tribute to Artaxerxes and also a gift was sent to Satibarzanes. Ctesias also sent letters to Euagoras to make amends with Anaxagoras a king of the Cyprians. Other similar letters were written by Euagoras and Conon. Ctesias has all these inserted into his History of the Persian Affairs.

1478. When Dercylidas had gone this far into these parts, sent to Pharnabazus, to know whether he wanted war or peace. Pharnabazus was afraid what might happen to Phrygia where he lived. Phrygia bordered Aeolia, which was now controlled by Dercylidas. Therefore, Pharnabazus wanted a truce. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

3606a AM, 4315 JP, 399 BC

1479. When this truce was concluded, Dercylidas marched into that part of Bithynbia which the Thracians held and there spent the winter. Pharnabazus liked this because the Thracians of that country often made inroads on Phrygia and Dercylidas plundered that part of Bithynia at will. He had plenty of provisions for the winter. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

1480. About 200 Odrysian cavalry and 300 targeteers were sent from Senthes, the king of Thracia, to help Dercylidas. When they first arrived, they forraged Bithynia and were almost cut off there. After this they stayed close with the Lacedemonian army and heavily plundered the territories of the Bithynians. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

1481. When spring was coming, Dercylidas moved from Bithynia and came to Lampsacus. Three ambassadors from Sparta, told him that his command was extended for another year. The Ephori of Sparta told the army there, that in the former time the soldiers had been extremely injurious to their confederates. They were commended for their good behaviour. He replied that it was the same soldiers who followed Cyrus in his wars but that they were under new commanders. This was the reason for the change of behaviour. When this was done, Dercylidas sent the ambassadors from Ephesus to take their journey through the Greek cities and countries in those parts. He told them how glad he was that they would find them all in so peaceable and prosperous estate. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

3606c AM, 4316 JP, 398 BC

1482. When the ambassadors left, Dercylidas sent again to Pharnabazus, to know whether he would extend the truce from the previous winter or if he wanted war. Pharnabazus wanted to continue the truce. Therefore, Dercylidas passed with his army over the Hellespont and came into the Chersonesus of Thracia. This city contained 37 furlongs which he enclosed with a strong wall. This work started in the spring and was finished before the beginning of autumn. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 95.) Contrary to his custom, Diodorus combines the events of two years in one passage.

1483. Conon the Athenian wrote his letters from Cyprus to Artaxerxes, concerning his own affairs. He desired these to be presented to him, either by Zenon of Crete, a dancer, or by Polycritus of Mendes a physician, or in their absence, by Ctesias, who was likewise a physician. It is said that when this letter came into Ctesias' hands, he added his own letter with it. Conon asked the king to send Ctesias to him, as an important man for the king's service in those parts especially in matters pertaining to the sea. Ctesias wrote that the king of his own accord sent and employed him in that service. Plutarch, (Plutarch in Artaxerxes,) wrote concerning the letters of Conon to the king and to himself and the speech which he gave to the king to understand the matter. These he has inserted into his own history. He relates also that at the same time when the Lacedemonians had sent ambassadors to the king, he committed them to custody and kept them there.

1484. After Pharnabazus made truce with Dercylidas, he journeyed to the king and charged Tissaphernes before him. He said that Tissaphernes had not opposed Lacedemonian's army when it came into Asia. Instead, he supported them there at the king's expense. He told the king that it was a shame that the king's war should not be pursued to a conclusion. Rather, his enemies should not be bribed with money and but driven out with armies. He persuaded the king to supply a fleet and make Conon the Athenian the admiral. He together with the advice of Euagotas the king of Cyprus persuaded the king to give 500 talents to Pharnabazus for this purpose. The king commanded him to commit the charge of the Phoenician fleet to Conon and to make him commander-in-chief, over all his naval matters. (Diod. Sic. year 2 of the 95th Olympiad, with Isocrates in his Euagoras and in his Oration ad Philip. and Pausanias, in Attices and Justinus, l. 6. c. 1.)

1485. When Pausanias returned from the court, he made Conon admiral of the seas. He made many generous promises on the king's behalf. Conon was not fully furnished with a fleet. He took the 40 ships he had ready and sailed into Cilicia. There he prepared for war. (Diod. Sic. year 2 of the 95th Olympiad)

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 3606d AM, 4316 JP, 398 BC

1486. Ctesias was sent by Artaxerxes to the seaside. He went first into Cnidia his own country and from there to Sparta. He says toward the end of his History which as Diodorus says ended with the third year of this 95th Olympiad.

1487. Dercylidas returned from Chersonese into Asia. As he reviewed the cities he found that the bandits of Chios had taken over Atarne. They were using this as a base to make inrodes upon Ionia and lived on the spoil they found. Although Atarne was well fortified and contained much food, he besieged it for 8 months. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

3607 AM, 4317 JP, 397 BC

1488. When Atarne surrendered, he put Dracon of Pellene in charge of it. He supplied the city with ample provisions so that he could use it for a good place to retreat to. He went to Ephesus. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

1489. When the ambassadors from Ionia came to Sparta, they stated that if Caria where Tissaphernes resided was invaded, they thought that Tissaphernes would quickly grant them permission to live according to their own laws. The Ephori wrote to Dercylidas that he should march to Caria with his army. Pharaces their admiral was to sail the fleet into those parts also. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

1490. At this time Pharnabazus went to Tissaphernes because Tissaphernes was the chief general and to let Tissaphernes know that he was ready to join with him in making war on the Greeks. Therefore they went to Caria to settle matters there. When they had put garrisons there, they returned to Ionia. Dercylidas heard that they had crossed the river Meander. He conferred with Pharaces and showed him that he feared lest Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus would both attack Ionia which now had no of garrisons. Then, Dercylidas crossed over the Meander also. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

1491. In the Persian army there were 20,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 cavalry. Dercylidas' army had about 7000 men. (Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad) The soldiers from Peloponesus were prepared to fight. The ones from Priene and Achilium, the isles and the other towns of Ionia were cowards. They abandoned their weapons in the grain which grew abundantly in the fields lying upon the Meander and fled. However, Tissaphernes remembered how well the Greeks who were in Cyrus' army had fought against himself and imagined that all Crecians would likewise be cowards. Therefore he did not attack them as Pharnabazus wanted to. He sent to Dercylidas and desired to come to talk with him. After an interchange of hostages, they met to discuss a peace treaty. Dercylidas demanded, that the king should allow all the Greek cities to be free. Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus demanded that the Lacedemonian forces should withdraw from the countries of the king's dominions and their commanders from the cities. A truce was to continue until Dercylidas could receive an answer from Sparta. Likewise Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus waited for an answer from the king. So both armies withdrew. The Persians returned to Tralles and the other to Leucophris. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.) (Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad)

3608 AM, 4318 JP, 396 BC

1492. Now a certain man called Herodas of Syracuse in Sicily was living at that time with a ship captain in Phoenicia. He noticed that war ships were arriving daily. Others were being outfitted and others were being constructed. A navy of 300 ships was being prepared. Herodas boarded the first ship bound for Greece and went to Sparta. He told them that a large fleet was being made ready at Phoenicia. The purpose and destination of this fleet, he did not know. The Lacedemonians were much troubled by this news. Agesilaus one of their two kings was asked by Lysander to go with an army into Asia against the Persians. He was to take with him 30 men of Sparta whom they would choose to manage that war. The first man they picked was Lysander. He hoped to use this occasion to restore the Decemvirates throughout all the cities in Asia which he had set up before. The Ephori later had abolished these and ordered every city to live according to their own laws. So Agesilaus took 2000 of the newly made citizens of Sparta and 6000 from their confederate cities with provisions for six months. They sailed from Geraeium a port in Eubaea, with all the forces that he could gather and came to Ephesus. He did this so quickly that he landed there before Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus heard that he had set out. Thereby it came to pass, that he found them all unprepared for his arrival. Xenophon in (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3.) and in his Oration, of Agesilaus with Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in their several lives of Agesilaus and Pansa in Laconicis. Pansa says that he landed first at Sardis.

1493. Agesilaus raised 4000 more soldiers at Ephesus. He had an army of 10,000 foot soldiers and 400 or (as the Latin translation has it) 4000 cavalry. To this a rabble of other men who followed the camp for pillage. These were as numerous as the army. (Diod. Sic. year 4 of the 95th Olympiad.)

1494. Tissaphernes sent to him to know why he came into Asia. He replied that he came to restore freedom to the Greek cities. Tissaphernes desired him to wait for 3 months so that he might send to the king. He assured him of a favourable reply from the king. Agesilaus sent Heripadas, Dercylidas, and Migialius to him to take an oath of him that he meant no guile but would do what he possibly could to procure the peace which he had promised. On behalf of Agesilaus, they would swear to Tissaphernes to keep the truce if Tissaphernes would keep his part of the bargain. Tissaphernes disregarded his oath and sent to the king to increase his army. Although Agesilaus knew well what he intended to do, yet he kept the truce. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus; with Plutarch and Emil. Probus. in Agesil.)

1495. While Agesilaus stayed at Ephesus, civil disorder broke out in the cities. Neither the democratic government was obeyed which the Athenians set up nor the Decemviral which Lysander had set up. All became suitors to Lysander who was well known among them that he would obtain from Agesilaus for them what they desired. Hereupon it was that Lysander always had a large court of attendants and suitors about him so that Lysander now seemed to be king and Agesilaus a private citizen. This was a thorn in Agesilaus' side. Therefore he began to take the administration of matters from Lysander's hands and to reduce his authority. Then he sent him on an errand into Hellespont. When Lysander found that Spithridates, a Persian, (Plutarch calls him Mithridates) was under Pharnabazus, he desired to speak with him. After a conference Lysander persuaded him with his children and such wealth as he had and 200 calvalry to defect from Pharnabazus. Spirthrides left what he had safely at Cyzicum and came with his son to Lysander. He escorted them to Agesilaus who was glad to see him. Spirthides told Agesilaus exactly how things were with Pharnabazus. (Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and Plut. in the life of Agesilaus and Lysander.)

1496. When Tissaphernes got more troops from the king, he became insolent and proclaimed war against Agesilaus unless he would leave Asia. Agesilaus was glad for this and ordered his men to prepare for war. He sent to the Ionians, Eloians and those of Hellespont to send to him at Ephesus all the troops they could spare. Tissaphernes thought that he would march into Caria but Agesilaus went with his army into Phrygia. In a suprise attack on the cities there, he obtained a vast some of money and other provisions from them and so came safely and without halting near to Daseylium. His cavalry scoured the country ahead of the army. They met with the cavalry of Pharnabazus and were routed. In that encounter they lost 12 men and 2 horses. When Agesilaus with his foot soldiers came to their rescue, the Persians on the other side retired having only lost one man. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his Agesilaus, with Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their Agesilaus likewise.)

1497. Agesilaus spent most of that summer plundering Phrygia and the nearby countries. He enriched his army with plunder. Toward the autumn he returned to Ephesus, (Diod. Sic. year 1 of the 96th Olympiad) and there spent the winter. (Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus.)

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1498. Nephereus or Nepherites reigned in Egypt for 6 years.

1499. The Lacedemonians sent to Nephereus to join them against the Persians. Instead, he sent them a gift of tackle and 100 war ships and 30,000 bushels of wheat. (Diod. Sic. year 1 of the 96th Olympiad.) Justin calls him Hercinion and so does Orosius. He relates the matter in this manner. The Lacedemonians' ambassadors asked for naval help from Hercinion They received 100 war ships and 600,000 bushels of wheat, (Justin l. 6. c. 2. and Orosius l. 3. c. 1.)

1500. Pharax the admiral of the Lacedemonian fleet, set sail from Rhodes with 120 ships and came to Sasanda a citadel in Caria about 19 miles from Caunus. He sailed from there and attacked the town of Caunus and Conon the Athenian who had 40 ships there. When Artaphernes and Pharnabazus came with an huge army to relieve Caunus, Pharax lifted his siege and returned with all his fleet to Rhodes. After this, Conon assembled 80 ships and sailed toward Chersonesus. At the same time the Rhodians kept out the Poloponesian fleet and revolted from the Lacedemonian state. They received Conon with all his fleet into their port and city. It happened that the Egyptian fleet which knew nothing of this change of affairs, boldly anchored off the island with all their cargo of wheat which was sent to the Lacedemonians. Conon with the Rhodians attacked them and brought all their men and cargo into the port and stored the grain there. (Diod. Sic. year 1 Olympiad 96.) The soldiers rebelled against Conon because the king's officers defrauded them of their pay. They asked for their pay the more boldly, because they were used in so great a service and served under so great a commander as Conon. (Justin. l. 6. c. 2.)

1501. Agesilaus knew that he was no match for the enemy in the plains without sufficient cavalry. He raised more troops. He ordered throughout all the confederate cities that such of them as were rich and did not want to fight themselves should send to him a horse with a rider in his place. When the spring was coming, he commanded all his army to assemble at Ephesus. He carefully trained both cavalry and foot soldiers for war. During this preparation, he made the city of Ephesus seem more important than before. He made it the centre of the war effort. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his Agesilaus: and Plutarch and Emil. Pro. in the same man's life.)

1502. A whole year had elapsed since Agesilans came from Sparta. The 30 commissioners assigned to him returned to Sparta. Lysander the head of the commissioners returned with them. 30 others were sent to replace them of whom Heripidas was the leader. From these Agesilaus chose Xenocles and another one to lead the cavalry and Scythes to command the foot soldiers of the newly made citizens of Sparta. Heripidas was to lead them who had served under Cyrus. Migdon was over those who were sent by the cities of Asia. Agesilaus let it be known that he would march into the strongest part of the enemies' country so that they be mentally prepared for a fierce battle. Tissaphernes thought that he had done this to amuse him a second time and to keep him at home. He marched directly into Caria commanding his cavalry to stay behind and hold the plain of Maeander. However Agesilaus did indeed, exactly what he had said and his whole army attacked the country of Sardis. When he had marched for 3 days and saw no enemy, he gathered from there a huge stock of all kinds of provisions for his army. On the 4th day the enemies' cavalry was spotted. They found the Greeks scattered abroad and busy plundering the country. They attacked and killed most of them. When Agesilaus came to their rescue, he saw that the enemies' foot soldiers had not arrived. Since he was fully prepared, he attacked the enemy near the River Pactolus and won a great victory. He captured their camp. He found riches amounting to more than 70 talents of money. He transported all their camels into Greece. At this time, Tissaphernes stayed at Sardis. Therefore, he was charged by the Persians to be a deserter.

1503. That is according to Xenophon. However, Diodorus, states that Tissaphernes was present in the fight with 10,000 cavalry and 50,000 foot soldiers. Agesilaus came down from the hill country of Sipalus and overran all the plain around Sardis. He pillaged the land and destroyed a garden of Tissaphernes. It was enclosed and set with all sorts of trees and other things for pleasure, infinitely sumptuous and of most exquisite workmanship and beauty. Agesilaus turned from there and sent Xenocles with 14,000 to lie in ambush midway between Sardis and Tybarnae to intercept some Persians who were to pass that way. In this second battle with the Persians, he defeated them and killed over 6000 men. He took a great multitude of prisoners and captured their camp that was full of wealth. After all this, Tissaphernes fled to Sardis and Agesilaus returned to the seaside with his army. Pausanias also in his Laconica, writes, that Agesilaus fought with Tissaphernes in the plain country of Hermus and there defeated the cavalry and foot soldiers of the Persians. This was the largest Persian army since the time when Xerxes went into Greece or when Darius went into Scythia. It is best to trust Xenophon's account who was not only a reader to Agesilaus, (as Cicero 3 de Orators affirms,) and was very intimate and familiar with him. (as Emil. Pro. Says in the Life of Agesilaus and Diogenes Laertius, in the Life of Xenophon reports) Moreover, he was with him in all this war in Asia and the next year returned with him to Greece.

1504. Conon the admiral of the Persian fleet had often sent letters to the king asking for pay for the navy. When this failed, he went personally to the king. Pharnabazus also encouraged him to accuse Tissaphernes of treason to the king. Therefore, Colon committed the charge of the navy to Hieronimus and Nicodemus (both of Athens) in his absence. He sailed into Cilicia and from there came to Thapsacum in Syria. He went on a barge down the river Euphrates to Babylon. There he talked with Tithraustes the Chiliarch who held the highest position next the king. Colon showed him who he was and that he desired to speak with the king. He could not be admitted to the presence or speak with the king without adoration, that is by prostrating himself before the king. Therefore he did his business with him by letters and messengers. He was successful. The king declared Tissaphernes to be a traitor and ordered Conon to take charge of the war against the Lacedemonians and to pay the navy using whomever he pleased to choose for that office. He was highly rewarded for his service and sent to the sea with authority to order what shipping he needed from the Cypriots and Phoenicians. These ships would guard the sea before the next summer and Pharnabazus was assigned to him for an assistant as Colon requested. (Diod. Sic. year 1. of the 96th Olympiad, Justin l. 6. c. 2. Emil. Pro. in the life of Conon.)

1505. Concerning the Cypriots, it is to be noted that at the very time while there passed courtesies and presents between Artaxerxes and them, the king intended to make war against them. It lasted 10 years before it ended, 8 of which he spent in preparations for it. This we shall show later when we come to the fourth year of the 98th Olympiad, from Diod. Sic. He speaks of the cause of that war, of which 8 years, it seems that only 6 were spent in preparation. At this time, Isocrates made his Panegirical oration in which he mentions many vain attempts made upon Euagoras by Artaxerxes. He says:

``He made war on Euagoras who was governor of one poor city in Cyprus and one who had formerly served him and became his vassal and lived on an island. He suffered a great loss at sea and had no more than 3000 targeteers to defend his state with. Yet, weak as he was, the king has not been able to have his will of him, though he has now spent six whole years in a war against him.''

1506. Parysatis, the queen mother, urged the king on against Tissaphernes. She hated him because of what he did to her son Cyrus. The king committed the war to Tithraustes and gave him letters for the cities and commanders in those parts ordering them all to do whatever Tithraustes required of them. (Diod. Sic. year 1. of the 98th Olympiad.)

1507. When Tithraustes left, the king gave him two letters. In the one for Tissaphernes, he requested him to continue the war against the Lacedemonians. In the other, he sent to Ariaeus the commander of Larissa requiring him to help Tithraustes in the murder of Tissaphernes. Tithraustes delivered to Ariaeus as soon as he came to Colossae in Phrygia. When Ariaeus had read them, he sent for Tissaphernes asking him to come to Colossae. He wanted to consult with him about the king's matters especially concerning the war against the Greeks. Whereupon Tissaphernes suspected nothing and left his army at Sardis. He came quickly to Colossae with a troop of 300 Arcadians and Milesians and stayed at the house of Ariaeus. When he went to take a bath he laid aside his sword. Ariaeus with his servants seized him and put him into a closed coach and sent him away as a prisoner to Tithraustes. He took him as far as to Celaena and there cut off his head and sent it to Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes ordered it carried to his mother who was exceedingly glad to see it. So were all the Greek women, whose husbands had followed Cyrus in his war and were afterward killed by Tissaphernes' treachery. (Diod. Sic. year 1. of the 98th Olympiad, Polyanus stratagem. l. 1. Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus. and Plut. in the lives of Artax. and Agesilaus.)