Panic on British streets, people try to withdraw their money from the Bank
The rush of customers taking money out of Northern Rock continued for a second day on Saturday, amid concerns over its emergency Bank of England loan.
Banking sources suggest that on Friday alone clients pulled out £1bn - or 4-5% of retail deposits.
Northern Rock has struggled since money markets seized up over the summer.
Chancellor Alistair Darling and City watchdog the Financial Services Authority moved to reassure customers that the bank was still functioning.
The bank is not short of assets, but they are tied up in loans to home owners. Because of the global credit crunch Northern Rock has found it difficult to borrow the cash to run its day-to-day operations.
Northern Rock has not confirmed how much money has been withdrawn from branch savings accounts.
But a number of officials and experts have tried to reassure the bank's 1.5 million savers that their money is safe.
Northern Rock's business and capital base themselves have been judged to be sound by the Financial Services Authority, which reiterated on Saturday that deposits and withdrawals could still be made.
It described the long queues at branches and difficulties with the bank's website as "entirely logistical and are in no way related to the bank's solvency or its underlying ability to deliver funds to savers who wish to withdraw".
"To be absolutely clear, if we believed that Northern Rock was not solvent, we would not have allowed it to remain open for business," FSA chairman Callum McCarthy said.
The chancellor also sought to reassure the public, telling the BBC he authorised the Bank of England loan "because I believe it's important that people should have confidence in the stability of the banking system".
Emergency loan untouched
On Saturday, queues outside branches in Sheffield and Golders Green in north London grew so large that police officers were deployed for crowd control.
In Kingston, Surrey, some 250 people waited to take out money.
The scenes came a day after customers visited Northern Rock bank branches across the country to withdraw savings, fearful the business could collapse.
The bank has also yet to learn about the scale of withdrawals from the £9.9bn held in postal accounts.
Meanwhile, numerous internet customers have contacted the BBC News website complaining they have been unable to access their online accounts since Thursday evening, when news of the bank's problems first emerged.
Northern Rock spokesman Brian Giles said branches had stayed open late on Friday to deal with customers - some until 2230 BST.
He said the website was running slowly owing to a high number of customers, and insisted: "There is no gate blocking anyone from accessing their account."
Northern Rock chief executive Adam Applegarth earlier highlighted that it had yet to draw on the Bank of England's emergency loan, which he called "a backstop in case we need to use it".
Mr Applegarth was the architect of the bank's rapid expansion over the past few years, and earned £1.35m in salary and bonuses last year.
Endorsements
It is unclear how much money the Bank of England has offered to lend to Northern Rock.
Any loan has to be backed by the bank's assets, and according to calculations by BBC business editor Robert Peston, Northern Rock can probably draw on about £30bn - which should just about cover all the savings that customers have deposited with the bank - in the "very unlikely case that every single one of its depositors wanted its money back".
The chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, John McFall, said Northern Rock's customers should not panic.
"The banking system in the United Kingdom is strong," he said.
"We've had 60 quarters of continued growth, the world economy has grown for the past five years. So it's against a strong background.
"Don't let's predicate everything of doom and gloom on one small bank at that particular time. And I think it would serve us all well to stand back a little bit on this issue and give it time.
He said: "People can use their accounts in the usual way, they can carry on making their mortgage payments in the usual way. Northern Rock will be able to carry on its business."
The British Bankers' Association said: "Northern Rock is a sound and safe bank and there is absolutely no reason for either mortgage customers or savers to worry."
Michael Fallon, a Conservative member of the Treasury Select Committee, said questions needed to be asked about the deal.
He said: "We're going to be asking the governor of the Bank of England when he appears before the Treasury Select Committee next week, exactly why taxpayers' funds should be used to bail out a building society that appears to have been borrowing rather differently to lots of other building societies and banks."
Slow-down predicted
Shares in Northern Rock fell by 32% on Friday after it emerged it had approached the Bank of England for help.
The bank warned it could have £150m shaved off its profits due to the money market turmoil.
Unlike most banks, which get their money from customers making deposits into savings accounts, Northern Rock is built around its mortgage business.
It raises most of the money which it provides for mortgages by borrowing from banks and other financial institutions.
Its costs have soared as banks have stopped lending to each other because of fears over potential losses on high-risk US mortgages, creating a credit crunch as liquidity dries up.
Experts predicted a slow-down in the UK housing market as result of the financial troubles.
The former head of the Financial Services Authority, Sir Howard Davies, said that mortgages were likely to become more difficult to obtain and costlier.
"I would expect the net of all this to be a depressing effect on the housing market and for house prices at least to stabilise and probably to fall somewhat," he said.
Oxford University's Professor John Muellbauer predicted falls in house prices in London and the South East.
"There is going to be a fallout in the City. The UK is very dependent on the City of London - bonuses and jobs will be cut in the coming year and that's bound to affect prices in London, that tends to spill over into the South East."
Panic on British streets, people try to withdraw their money from the Bank
Author