THE ANNALS THE WORLD

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2572. When the Arabians knew what had happened by those who had seen the enemy army, they left the market and returned to the rock. The wounded told them which way the army had gone and the Arabs followed them. Athenaeus' men kept no watch and after their long journey were weary and fast asleep. Some of their prisoners stole away from them. They told the Arabs where the enemy camp was. They hurried to the place and arrived about 3 in the morning. They attacked their trenches and killed 8000 of them as they lay sleeping in their tents. Any that resisted were killed. They utterly destroyed all their foot soldiers and only 50 of their cavalry escaped and most of them were wounded too. So the Nabathaeans recovered their goods and returned to the rock. They sent a letter to Antigonus written in Syriac. They complained of Athenaeus and his wrong doing and excused themselves. Antigonus wrote back again cunningly telling them that Athenaeus was well enough treated by them. He blamed Athanaeus for his actions and assured them that he had issued no such order to do that. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 117.) When Antigonus had appeased and deceived these poor Nabathaeans, a little later he selected from all his army, 4000 foot soldiers. They were lightly armed and the swiftest on their feet that he could find. He added 4000 cavalry to the troops and wanted them to take in their knapsacks, a supply of food for the journey that would not need to be cooked. He had Demetrius, his son, to command them. He sent them away early in the night with orders to avenge his loss. Demetrius travelled 3 day's journey through the desert and hurried to attack them by surprise. However, the scouts saw them coming and made fires to signal their coming into that country. Thereupon the Arabs presently climbed to the top of their rock. There was only one way to get up and that was by climbing by hand. They left their belongings there with a sufficient guard to keep it. The rest went and drove away their cattle, some to one place, some to another in the desert. When Demetrius came to the rock and saw all the cattle were driven away he started to besiege the rock. They manfully defended it and by the advantage of the place and that day had the upper hand. At last Demetrius was forced to withdraw. Since he saw that he could not defeat them, he made a peace with them. They gave him hostages and such gifts as were agreed upon between them. He moved with his army about 40 miles and camped near the Lake Asphaltis or Dead Sea. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 116) Plutarch says that he went there with a huge booty and 700 camels.

2573. When Demetrius returned to Antigonus, he told his father what happened. Antigonus blamed him for making peace with the Nabathaeans and said that those barbarous people would become more insolent since they had escaped. However, he commended him for discovering the Lake Asphaltis since from there he might raise some yearly revenue for himself. He made Hieronymus Cardianus the historian, his treasurer for that revenue. Josephus (l. 1. cont. Apion.) notes that he was made governor of Syria by Antigonus. Josephus very deservedly blames Heironymus that in his writings, he makes no mention of the Jews since he lived near to them and almost among them. Hieronymus was commanded to build ships and to gather together in one place all the bitumen or liquid brimstone that could be extracted from that lake. The 6000 Arabians attacked them as they were in their ships gathering this brimstone and killed almost all of them with arrows. Hence, Antigonus lost all hope of making any regular revenue that way. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 116)

2574. Antigonus, learned from letters by Nicanor the governor of Media and others, how Seleucus prospered in those parts. He sent his son Demetrius with 5000 Macedonian foot soldiers, 10,000 mercenaries and 4000 cavalry. He was ordered to march to the very walls of Babylon. When he had recovered that province, he was to march down to the sea. Demetrius left Damascus in Syria and went to execute his father's commands. As soon as Patrocles, whom Seleucus had left as governor of Babylon, heard that Demetrius was coming into Mesopotamia, he dared not to check his coming because he had only a small force with him. He ordered the rest to leave the city and when they had crossed the Euphrates, they should flee. Some should go into the desert, while others over the Tigris River into the province of Susa and to the Persian Sea: He with the forces he had would trust in the sandbars of the rivers and dikes of the country for defences instead of so many fortresses and bulwarks. He stayed within the bounds of his own government and thought how to entrap his enemy. He kept Seleucus in Media informed how things went with him and desired help to be speedily sent to him. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 116)

2575. When Demetrius came to Babylon and found the city itself devoid of inhabitants, he started to besiege the forts and citadels that were there. When he had taken one, he gave its spoil to the soldiers. He turned out Seleucus' men, put his garrison of 7000 soldiers in their place. He was not able to take any others and after a long seige he departed and left Archelaus, one of his loyal friends to maintain the siege with 5000 foot soldiers and 1000 cavalry. When Demetrius had run out of time that his father had allowed for this expedition, he ordered his soldiers to steal for themselves whatever they could from that province. Then he journeyed back to Asia. By this action, he left Seleucus more grounded and better settled in his government than before. Men said why would Demetrius waste and spoil the country if he planned to take it over? (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 116 with Plut. in Demetrio.) Thereupon the Chaldeans reckon the beginning of the Seleucian reign in Babylon from this time rather than an earlier time.

2576. Demetrius returned to Asia and quickly raised the siege which Ptolemy had laid to Halicarnasius. (Plut. in Demetrio.)

2577. Cassander, Ptolemy and Lysimachus, made peace with Antigonus, upon these conditions. Cassander would command all in Europe until Alexander the son of Roxane came of age. Lysimachus would hold Thrace and Ptolemy Egypt along with the bordering countries of Libya and Arabia. Antigonus would have the command of all Asia to himself. This agreement did not last long for everyone used any occasion to encroach on one another's territory. (Diod. Sic. year. 2. Olymp. 117.)

2578. Cassander saw that Alexander the son of Roxane was growing up and heard a rumour among the Macedonians. They thought it was about time that the young king should now be freed from his prison and rule the kingdom. He was alarmed by this and ordered Glaucia the keeper, to murder Roxane and her son, the king. He was to bury their bodies in some secret place and should by all means possible conceal their deaths. This he did. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 116)

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2579. Parysades the king of Bosphorus Cimerius died after ruling for 38 years. He left his kingdom to his oldest son Satyrus. He held the kingdom for only nine months. (Diod. Sic. year. 3. Olymp. 117.)

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2580. In Peloponesus, Ptolemy, a captain of Antigonus, defected from him to Cassander's side. He sent soldiers to a most loyal friend of his, called Phoenix and one to whom he had committed the management of the government of Hellespont. He advised him to man his forts and cities and to stand guard and no longer serve Antigonus. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 117.)

2581. On the other side, Ptolemy of Egypt cried out against Antigonus. He, contrary to agreement, had put his garrisons into various Greek cities on the Asian side. Thereupon he sent Leonides, his captain, to Cilicia Aspara. He took over some cities and places that belonged to Antigonus. Moreover he sent his agent to some cities held by Cassander and Lysimachus, that they should follow his advise and not allow Antigonus to become too powerful. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

2582. Antgonus sent his younger son Philippus, to fight against Phoenix, and others who had revolted from him in the Hellespont. His son Demetrius, was sent into Cilicia against Ptolemy of Egypt. He routed the captains of Ptolemy and recovered the cities which he had taken. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

2583. Polysperchon in Peloponesus cried out against Cassander and concerning his government of Macedonia. He sent for Hercules, a son of Alexander the Great by Barsine, who was now 17 years old. He sent to those who were enemies of Cassander to help establish this young man in his father's kingdom. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

2584. when Ptolemy of Egypt had all Cyprus under his command, he learned that Nicocles the king of Paphos, had negotiated secretly with Antigonus. Ptolemy sent two confidants of his, Argaus and Callicrates, with orders to get rid of Nicocles. They crossed over into Cyprus and took with them a certain number of soldiers from Menalaus, who commanded the army there. They surrounded the house of Nicocles and then told him what Ptolemy wanted him to do and advised him to find another kingdom. First, he tried to clear himself of the charges. When he saw that no man listened to him, he drew his sword and killed himself. When Axiothea his wife heard of her husband's death, she took her daughters who were all young virgins and killed them. She tried to make the wives of Nicocles' brothers, die with her. Ptolemy had not requested this but ordered that they be spared. The brothers also of Nicocles, shut themselves in their houses and set fire to them and they died. The whole family of the kings of Phaphos came to a tragic and lamentable end. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116) & Polya. Stratag. l. 8.)

2585. Agathocles king of Sicily, was sailing about this time into Africa to make war upon the Carthaginians. A total eclipse of the sun happened and it was so dark that the stars appeared in the sky and the day was turned into night. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 117. Justin. l. 22. c. 6.) This happened on August 15, 310 BC according to the astronomical tables.

2586. When Epicurus was 32 years old, he taught publicly for 5 years in both Mitylene and Lampsacus. (Diod. Sic. Lacterus, in the Life of Epicurus.)

2587. In Bosphorus Cimmerius, Eumelus, the younger brother to Satyrus allied with some of the neighbouring natives and laid claim to the kingdom of his elder brother. When Satyrus knew of this, he went against him with a large army and crossed the Thapsus River. When Satyrus came near Eumelus' quarters, Satyrus surrounded Eumelus' camp with his carts and wagons in which he had brought a large quantity of provisions. He arranged his army in the field for battle. As was the custom of the Scythian kings, he led the main battle line in his army. He had less than 2000 Greeks or 1000 and as many Thracians. All the rest were Scythians who came to help him. They numbered 20,000 and at least 1000 cavalry. Eumelus was helped by Ariopharnes, king of Thracia, with 20,000 cavalry and 22,000 foot soldiers. Satyrus routed Ariopharnes and then defeated his brother Eumelus with his foot soldiers. He forced them all to retreat to Arioparnes' palace, which was surrounded by a river with steep rocks and a thick woods. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

2588. At first, Satyrus went and wasted the enemy's country and set fire to their villages. He gathered much spoil from them. Then he made his way through their marshy country and came to their wooden citadels and took them. He crossed the river and cut down a large forest that he had to pass through to get to the king's palace. He had his whole army work at this for 3 days until they came to the walls of the citadel. Meniscus, who led the mercenary companies, got through a passage in the wall. Although he fought very courageously, he was outnumbered and forced to retreat. When Satyrus came to his relief, he was wounded in the arm with a spear. He was forced to retire to his camp and the next night, died from the wound. Meniscus broke off the siege and withdrew the army to a city called Gargaza. From there he carried the king's body down the river to a city called Panticapaeum to his brother Prytanis. He gave it a magnificent burial and laid up the relics in the king's sepulchre. He went to Gargaza and took over the army and the kingdom. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

2589. Agents from Eumelus came to Prytanis to purpose that the kingdom be divided between them. Prytanis would have none of it and left a strong garrison at Gargaza. He returned to Pantacapaeum to settle the affairs of his kingdom. After a while Eumelus with the help of some barbarians captured Gargaza and various other towns and citadels. Later he defeated Prytanis in a battle and trapped him in a neck of land near Lake Maeotis. He forced Prytanis to surrender on condition that he give up all his army and leave the kingdom. Nevertheless, when Prytanis returned to Pantacapaeum which was the place where the kings of Bosphorus keep their standing court, he endeavoured again to recovered his kingdom. He was foiled in this and he fled to a place near there called the Gardens and was killed. His brother Eumelus reigned in his place for 5 years and 5 months. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

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2590. To establish his kingdom, Eumelus killed all the friends, wives and children of both his brothers, Satyrus and Pritanis. Only Parysades, Satyrus' son, who was only a youth escaped. Using a swift horse, he fled to Agarus king of the Scythians. When Eumelus saw that the people repined at the loss of their friends who he had murdered, he called them all together. He excused himself and restored to them their ancient form of government and restored moreover to the citizens of Pantacupaeum their former immunities. He promised to free them from all kinds of tribute. He spared no fair words to reconcile the hearts of the people again to him. By this he got their good will again. He ruled with justice and moderation and was held in admiration among them. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 116)

2591. When Ptolemy of Egypt heard that he had lost all again in Cilicia, he sailed over with his fleet to Phaselis and took that city by force. From there he passed into Lycia and took Xanthus by assault and the garrison of Antigonus that was there. Then he attacked Caunus which surrendered to him. Then he attacked the citadels and forts that were in it and took them by assault. He utterly destroyed Heracleum. Persicum was surrendered to him by the soldiers that were to hold it. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 117.)

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2592. Then he sailed to Cos and sent for Captain Ptolemy to come to him. He was Antigonus' brother's son and had an army committed to him by Antigonus. He defected from his uncle and he sided with Ptolemy in everything. He left there or from Chaleis, and arrived at Cos. At first Ptolemy received him in a very courteous manner. After a while, he saw the indolence of his behaviour and how he tried to secure his officers by gifts and secret meetings with them. He feared the worst and put him in prison. There he poisoned him with a drink of hemlock. Ptolemy secured his soldiers with generous promises and distributed them in small numbers among the rest of his army. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 117.)

2593. Cassander feared lest the Macedonians would defect to Hercules, the son of Alexander the Great. He was then 14 years old. (as Justin, or rather 17 according to Diodorus) Cassander befriended Polysperchon and by his means had Hercules and his mother Barsine to be privately murdered and their bodies to be hid deep enough in the ground lest by their solemn funerals the truth might happen to come to light. Now that Alexander's two sons were both dead and there was no heir of his body left to succeed him, every governor made himself a king of the province which he held just as if he had captured it in battle. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 117. & Justin, l. 15. c. 2.)

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2594. Ptolemy sailed from Myndus along the islands which lay by his way and came to Andros. He expelled the garrison that was there and restored it to her former liberty. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 118.)

2595. Cleopatra, the daughter of Philip and sister to Alexander the Great, was incensed against Antigonus. Of her own accord she planned to go to Ptolemy and left Sardis. The governor there, to whom Antigonus had given a charge not to hurt her, prevented her from leaving. Later, by Antigonus' command and the help of some of her women about her, Cleopatra was murdered. To alley suspicion, Antigonus had some of those women executed who murdered her and buried her with all the magnificence that he could. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 118.)

2596. Ophellas, who had expelled Thimbron and subdued the Cyrenians for Ptolemy, now claimed Cyrene with the cities and adjoining regions as his own. Still not content, he began to look for greater things. While he was thinking about this, Ortho of Syraensa, came to him with a message from Agathocles asking him to join in arms with him against the Carthaginians. He told him that if he subdued them, he would make him sovereign of all Africa. This fuelled his ego and he listened to him. He sent his agent to Athens from where he had married his wife Euridice, the daughter of Miltiades, to ask their help and alliance in this war. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 118.)

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2597. Many Athenians and other Greeks willingly listened to this motion. They hoped by this to have a share of the richest pieces of all Africa with all the wealth of Carthage for themselves. Ophellas was outfitted for this expedition. He had an army of 10,000 foot soldiers, 600 or 700 cavalry, and 100 chariots with more than 300 men drivers and soldiers to manage them. Besides the followers of the camp, he had more than 10,000 with him. They brought along their wives and children with their baggage. This looked more like a colony going to be established than an army marching against an enemy. When they had marched for 18 days and gone 375 miles, they came to a city called Automulus on the western border of Cyrene. They camped here and rested themselves. Then they moved again and travelled through a dry desert country that was full of poisonous snakes. At last after two months of miserable travel they came to Agathocles' camp where they pitched their camp close to his. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 118.)

2598. When Agathocles heard of his coming, he went to meet him. He advised him to rest and relax after so tedious and hard a journey. When they had dined together often, Ophellas adopted Agathocles for his son. Later when most of Ophellas' army was foraging in the country, Agathocles suddenly called an assembly of his own army and before them accused Ophellas who was to help him in this war of betraying him. When he had incensed the multitude, he drew out his whole army in formation against Ophellas and his Cyrenians. Ophellas was shocked at this unexpected turn of affairs and had his men defend themselves. The enemy was too quick for him and he too weak for them. He was killed. After his death, Agathocles persuaded the rest that were left to lay down their arms and then told them what great things he would do for them. He persuaded them to take his pay and thus took over Ophellas' army. Those that he found not fit for the war, he sent to Syracuse. Some arrived there but most perished in a fierce storm on the way. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 118. with Justin, l. 22. c. 2.)

2599. After Ophellas' death, Cyrene and all Libya returned in Ptolemy's government again. (Suid. in Dhmhtr.)

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2600. Demetrius Poliarcator or as Pliny renders it, "Expugnator Urbum", that is "the City Taker" was furnished with two strong armies, one by land and another by sea. They had all weapons and all other necessaries for the war. They left Ephesus with 5000 talents of silver to liberate the Greek cities. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 118.) They came to Pyrrum, the port of Athens, with 250 ships on the 26th day of Thargelion, about May 31th, (Plutarch in the Life of Demetrius) They were received into Athens and took the city of Megar. Since Cassander had put a garrison into Munichium which was the fort or citadel of Athens, under the command of Dionysus, therefore he raised it to the ground.

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2601. This happened in the year when Anaxicrates was archon at Athens. Among others, Philochorus who lived at this very time, records this in his Attic. (History. l. 8. cited by Dionysuis Halicarnassus, in his Dinarchus) It was toward the end of his archonship in year 2 of Olympiad 118.

2602. Enridice returned to Athens. She was the widow of Opheltas or Ophellas who was governor of Cyrene and was killed the previous year before. Demetrius the son of Antigonus married her. The Athenians took this as a great honour for them. They were the first that called Demetrius and Antigonus by the title of kings. Otherwise they declined that title as the only mark of royalty which belonged exclusively to Phillip, Alexander and his posterity. (Plut. in Demetrius.)

2603. Demetrius was recalled from Greece by his father Antigonus to make war upon the captains of Ptolemy in Cyprus. He sailed first to Caria and then to Cilicia. He got supplies from there of ships and men and sailed to Cyprus with 15,000 foot soldiers, 400 cavalry and a fleet of 110 very fast ships of three tiers of oars a piece and 53 that were slower. The rest were cargo ships to transport the men, horses and equipment.

2604. He landed and first camped near the shore not for from Carspasia. He drew up his ships to land and fenced them there with a deep trench and ramparts. Then he went by force and took Urania and Carpasia. He left a sufficient guard to defend his trenches about the fleet and marched immediately to Salamis. (Diod. Sic. year 3 Olymp. 118.)

2605. Menelaus, the brother of Ptolemy and chief commander of the island was then at Salamis. When he saw the enemy within 5 miles of the city, he drew out from the adjoining garrisons 12,000 foot soldiers and 800 cavalry. He went to attack him but was overcome by the enemy and fled. Demetrius followed him closely to the very gates of the city and captured 3000 men and killed 1000 there. He distributed the prisoners among his own companies to serve him. When he found they were always ready to defect again to Menelaus, because their wealth was in Ptolemy's hands in Egypt, he shipped them all away to Antigonus his father. (Diod. Sic. year 3 Olymp. 118.)

2606. Antigonus at that time was building a city in upper Syria by the Orontes River. He called it after his own name, Antigonia and spent large amounts of money on it. The walls were about 9 miles long. The place was very opportune to control Babylon and the upper provinces and also the lower ones as far down as Egypt. (Diod. Sic. year 3 Olymp. 118.)

2607. Menelaus fled back to Salamis and determined to endure a siege. He sent a messenger to Ptolemy for more help and told him what danger he was in. Demetrius started to work preparing his battering rams to take the city by force. He had one special machine which he called "Helepolis", i.e. "one that would not fail him in taking any city, which it was sent against". He also had various other large rams and galleries for them. At night those within the city threw fire on them and consumed many of the machines with the most of the men that kept them. Yet Demetrius would not stop but pressed the siege both by sea and land and thought in time he would capture the city. (Diod. Sic. year 3 Olymp. 118.)

2608. When Ptolemy heard of the loss of his men, he sailed with a well furnished army for sea and land and arrived at Paphos in Cyprus. He took boats from the neighbouring cities and went to Citium about 25 miles from Salamis. His whole fleet consisted of 140, or as Plutarch has it, 150 ships. The largest was of five tiers of oars and the smallest had four teirs of oars. These were accompanied by 200 cargo ships containing at least 10,000 soldiers. He sent word to Menelaus that when he saw them in the heat of the fight, he should then attack from the port of Salamis with 60 ships and assault the rear of the enemy and disorganize them in any way he could. Demetrius foresaw what would happen. He left a part of his army to maintain the siege by land. He ordered Antisthenes his admiral, with ten ships of 5 tiers of oars a piece to lie at the mouth of the harbour of Salamis and to keep the fleet in, so they could not get out. When he had arranged his land army on the shore on forelands looking toward the sea he sailed and with a fleet of 108 or as Plutarch has it, of 180 ships. Most were of 7 tiers of oars and the smallest, four tiers. (Diod. Sic. & Plutarch.)

2609. Ptolemy was in the wing where he utterly routed the enemy and sank some of their ships and captured others with their men in them. When he returned, he thought to do the same with the rest of the enemy forces. However, he found that his left wing was wholly routed by Demetrius and he was in hot pursuit of them. Therefore he sailed back to Citium. Demetrius committed his warships to Neon and Burichus to pursue the enemy and rescue those who were swimming in the sea. He returned to his own port from where he had set out. (Diod. Sic.)

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2610. Meanwhile, Menelaus sent out his 60 ships as he was commanded under the command of Menaetius. He fought with those ten ships that were set to keep him in, broke through them and they fled for safety to the army that was on land. When Menetius' men saw they came too late to act according to their instructions, they returned again to Salamis. (Diod. Sic.)

2611. Ptolemy saw he could do no good in Cyprus and returned with only 8 ships to Egypt. (Diod. Sic. & Justin, l. 15. c. 2. and Plut.) Thereupon Menelaus surrendered both the city and all his forces both of land and sea to Demetrius. He had 1200 cavalry and 12,000 heavily armed foot soldiers. (Plut.) In a short time, Demetrius captured all the rest of the cities and forts of the island and distributed the garrison soldiers among his own companies to the number of 16,000 foot soldiers and 600 cavalry. (Diod. Sic.)

2612. He took 100 cargo ships containing almost 8000 soldiers and 40 warships with their crews. About 80 ships were damaged in the battle and leaked. They drew these to land below their camp near the city. Demetrius had 20 of his own ships badly damaged in this fight. These were repaired and were as good as new again according to Diodorus. However, Plutarch says 70 of Ptolemy's ships were captured with their crew and soldiers. Of the rest who were in the cargo ships, these were mainly slaves, friends and women. They had weapons and money to pay the soldiers and had engines of war. Nothing escaped and Demetrius took it all and carried it to his camp. Among the rest, there was a lady named Lamia, who was first famous for her excellent skill in playing upon the recorder and later became a notorious harlot. Although she was well past her prime, Demetrius who was much younger then her, fell in love with her. She so far caught and enamoured him with the pretence of her talk and behaviour that he grew as much in love with her as other women were with him. (Plut.)

2613. Demetrius buried the bodies of the enemy that were slain with a very honourable burial. He dismissed those he had taken prisoners and gave the Athenians arms enough to furnish 1200 men. (Plut. in Demetr.) He sent home Leontiscus, Ptolemy's son, Menelaus' brother and his other friends, with suitable provision for their journey by the way. He did not forget what Ptolemy had formerly done to him in the same kind of situation. He used these reciprocal displays of love and kindness in the very heat of war that it might evidently appear their dispute was for honour and not from hatred. It was the fashion in those days to wage war more religiously than now men use to observe the laws of friendship in time of peace. (Justin, l. 15. c. 2.)

2614. Demetrius sent by Aristodemus the Milesian, the news of this victory to his father. This Aristodemus was counted the prime flatterer in all the court. When he came to Antigonus, he stood still a while and held him in suspense as to what the news might be. Finally he burst out with these terms:

``God save the King Antigonus, we have overthrown king Ptolemy at sea. Cyprus is ours. We have taken prisoner 16,800 of his men.''

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2615. Antigonus replied to him.

``God save thee too. Nevertheless, because thou heldest me so long in suspense before thou toldest me thy good news, thou shalt in the same way be punished too. For thou shalt stay a while, before thou receive thy reward for thy good news.'' (Plut.)

2616. Antigonus was puffed up with pride of this victory and assumed to himself a crown and the title of king after this. Thereupon Ptolemy did the same lest he should in any ways seem to be defeated by this or be held in less regard by his subjects. In all his letters from that time on, he swore himself king. By their example, other governors of provinces did likewise. Seleucus, who had lately subdued the upper provinces to himself did this. Likewise did Lysimachus and Cassander when they saw there was neither mother nor brother nor son of Alexander the Great now left alive. (Diod. Sic. & Justin. l. 15. c. 2. Plut. in Denet. And Appianus, in his Syriaca. p. 122.)

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2617. Seleucus made himself king of Babylon and Media since he had personally killed Nicator or Nicanor whom Antigonus had placed as governor there. (Appia. ib.) He assumed the surname of Nicator or Nicanor (for so we find him also stamped on his coins) not from Nicator or Nicanor, whom he so slew, but from the many and great victories which he got. (Appia. ibid. p. 124. and Ammia. Marcellnus, l. 23. Histor.) After he subdued the Bactrians, he proceeded and took in all the rest of the countries which Alexander had formerly subdued, as far as the Indus River and added them to his own dominion. (Justin, l. 15. c. 4. Appia. in his Syriaca. p. 123.)

2618. King Antigonus' (for so hereafter we must call him) youngest son died and Antigonus buried him in a royal manner. He called home Demetrius from Cyprus and commanded his whole army to meet at his new city of Antigonia. He planned to march from there into Egypt. Therefore leading the foot soldiers himself, he went through Coelosyria. He had an army of 80,000 foot soldiers and about 10,000 cavalry. He made Demetrius, admiral of his fleet and ordered him to keep close to the shore within sight of the army. He had 150 fighting ships and 100 cargo ships. They carried an enormous supply of all types of weapons. The pilots told him that now was the time that the seven stars were ready to set and would set on the 8th day from then. (in the beginning of April). He replied that they were too timid to make good sailors. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.)

2619. Antigonus came with his army to Gaza and planned to attack Ptolemy before he was ready for him. He commanded his soldiers to take with them 10 days supply of food. With the camels from Arabia, he loaded 130,000 bushels of wheat and an enormous supply of hay on the other beasts of burden. He carried his weapons in wagons and went through the desert. This caused some trouble for the army. They crossed various marshy and dusty places in the way, especially about the place called Barathra. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.)

2620. Demetrius sailed with his ships from Gaza in the dead of the night and was for many days becalmed. The higher ships were forced to tow the cargo ships with ropes. After this and as soon as the seven stars were set, a northerly wind rose upon them. Many of the ships of 4 tiers of oars were driven on shore near to the city Raphia where there was no good harbour for them. Of those which carried the weapons, some sank and the rest retired to Gaza again. Some of the best of them bare up and came under the promontory of Cisius. That cape is not far from the Nile River and is not suitable for shipping especially if there are any storms. There is no way to get near it. Therefore every ship dropped two anchors a piece a quarter mile from land and were forced to ride out the storm in a heavy sea. In the midst of all this danger they were driven to extremity. For had that storm lasted only one day longer, they would have used all their fresh water and would have died of thirst. The storm ceased and Antigonus with his army came to the place and camped there. The weather beaten men came ashore and refreshed themselves in the camp. Nevertheless in this storm there were lost 3 ships of 5 tiers of oars from which some men escaped alive to land. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.)

2621. From here Antigonus moved and placed his army a quarter mile from the Nile River. However, Ptolemy had manned all the bank of the river with strong garrisons. He sent some in river boats. They went as near the further bank as they safely could and proclaimed that if any of Antigonus' army would come to him, he would give a common soldier two pounds and a captain a whole talent for his trouble. No sooner was this proclamation made, but a large number of Antigonus' mercenaries wanted to leave. Some of his captains wanted also to go. When Antigonus knew that a large number of his men were deserting him, he positioned archers, slingers and other engines of war, to keep them from crossing over the water in boats. If any were found that went, he put them to death with horrible torments. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.)

2622. Antigonus gathered together his ships which came to him although they were late. He went to a place called Pseudostomon and planned to land some of his men there. However, he found a strong garrison of the enemy there and was beaten off with bows and slings and other engines of war. Therefore as the night drew on, he went his way and ordered the captains of every ship to follow the lantern of the admiral. So they came to the mouth of the Nile River which is called Phagneticum. The next morning he found that many of his ships had lost their way and he did not know where they had gone. He was forced to anchor there and send the swiftest ships he had all over the sea to look for them and bring them to him. Meanwhile, as time wore on, Ptolemy had been alerted of the approach of the enemy. He immediately went to the relief of his men and arranged his army all along the shore in the enemies' sight. Demetrius could find no landing place here either. He was told that if he should land in the surrounding area, the country was naturally fortified with marshes and moorish grounds. He set sail and returned. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.)

2623. As he was going, a violent wind came up from the North and drove 3 of his ships of four tiers of oars and some other warships on the shore. All these came into Ptolemy's hand. After much trouble, the rest got to Antigonus' camp. Ptolemy had placed strong garrisons at each of the mouths of the Nile River and had an enormous number of river boats everywhere. These were supplied with darts and slings and men who knew how to use them well. These troubled Antigonus very greatly, for the mouth of the river at Pelusium was strongly guarded by Ptolemy. Antigonus could make no use of his ships at all. His land forces were in trouble also. The Nile River starts swelling at the coming of the sun into Cancer. When the sun enters Leo, it overflows all its banks. It was now so high that they could do little. Worse, he was running out of food for men and fodder for cattle because they stayed there so long. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.)

2624. When Antigonus saw that his army was demoralized, he called them all together. Before them all he asked the captains, whether it was better to stay and fight or to return to Syria for the time being. They would then return again next year better prepared and when the waters should be lower. When every man wanted to go, he ordered his soldiers to gather up their belongings. His navy followed them along the shore, and he returned to Syria. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.) The pointlessness of this expedition was foreseen by Medius, one of Antigonus' friends in a dream. For it seemed to him that he saw Antigonus with all his army to contend in a race at Olympus, called "Diaulus", i.e. "a double course." When they first set out, they seemed to run very well. After a while they grew weaker. When they came to the race post and were to turn about it and return to the barriers where they set out, (for that was the manner of this double course) they were so out of breath that they could go no further. (Plut. in Demet.)

2625. Ptolemy was glad to see that the enemy was gone. He offered sacrifice to his gods for this great benefit they bestowed on him. He made a magnificent feast for his friends and wrote letters to Seleucus, Lysimachus and Cassander of his good success. He did not forget to tell them how large an army of Antigonus had defected over to him. Now when he had rescued Egypt, a second time and gotten it by his sword, he thought he might lawfully count it his own. He returned in triumph to Alexandria. (Diod. Sic.) Hence it is that Cl. Ptolemy, in his Reg. Cano. starts the beginning of his reign over Egypt from this time. He calculates that the time from the death of Alexander the Great to this time was 19 full years. For the 19th year from the death of Alexander the Great ends according to his account with the November 6th 4409 JP.

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2626. While these things thus happened in Egypt, Dionysius the tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus died. (Diod. Sic.) He reigned 33 years according to Athenaus. (l. 12. c. 26.) Although Memnon says that he reigned only 30 years and Diodorus says 32 years. He was incredibly fat. Besides Memnon and Nymphis, Heracleotes, in his book of the City Heraclea, cited by Athenaeus in the place mentioned, notes this. So does Elia. (Var. Histor. l. 9. c. 13.) He had two sons by Amastris or Amestris, the daughter of Oxethras, brother to Darius, the last king of Persia. She was first given in marriage to Craterus, by Alexander. The oldest of the sons was called Clearchus, the younger Oxathras, according to Diodorus, Zathras, and Dionysius. Therefore by his last will he joined some others with her in the adminstartion lest the government of his kingdom and charge of his two children, who were still very young go entirely to his wife. (Memnon in Excerpt. Photii. c. 5. with Diodorus, year. 3. Olymp. 118. & year 3. Olymp. 119.)

3700 AM, 4410 JP, 304 BC

2627. Menedemus was from Patara in Lycia with the command of three ships. Each of them was between two and three tiers of oars a piece. He captured a ship of four tiers of oars that was coming from Cilicia. It had letters from Phila with rich and royal apparel with other costly furniture destined for Demetrius Poliorcetes. All of this was sent by Menedemus to Ptolemy in Egypt. This affront enraged Demetrius against the Rhodians. He then lay in siege before their city to take it. After doing this for a year, the Athenians mediated an agreement that the Rhodians would help Antigonus and Demetrius in their wars against any country except for Ptolemy. Hence the siege was lifted. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 119. & Plut. in Demetr.)

2628. As soon as this war was over, the Rhodians sent some of their priests to consult the oracle of Ammon. They wanted to know if they should worship Ptolemy as a god or not. When they were told they should, they consecrated to him a square grove in their city. They built on each side a gallery about 200 yards long and called it "Ptolmeum" or "Ptolemy's gallery". They were the first to surname Ptolemy the "Saviour" because he had saved them from the violence of Antigonus and Demetrius and not with his soldiers. Also Ptolemy had saved Alexander in the city of the Oxydracans, (See note on 3678b AM) as some have thought. (Arrian. l. 6. p. 131. and Steph. in the word Oxydrac. Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 119.)

2629. Eumelus, the king of Bosphorus Cimmerius, after reigning 6 years died in an accident. He was hurrying home from Scythia to a certain solemn sacrifice that was to be offered then. He was in a 4 wheeled coach drawn by 4 horses and covered with a canopy. As he came to his palace, the horses took a fright and ran away with him. When the driver could not hold them, Eumelus feared lest they would run down some precipice and leaped from the coach. His sword caught in the wheel and he was whirled away with it and killed. His son Spartacus succeeded him and reigned 20 years. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 117. & year 1. Olymp. 119.)

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2630. Seleucus crossed the Indus River and made war on Sandrocottus or Androcottus. When Seleucus had restored his government in the east, Sandrocottus had murdered all the governors whom Alexander had appointed and took over all of India. (Justin, l. 15. c. 4. Appia. in his Syriaca. p. 122, 123.)

2631. Now as Seleucus was going to make this war, a wild elephant of enormous size came to him on the way as if it had been tame. He went to it and the animal allowed him to get on and ride it. This beast proved to be a prime and singularly good elephant for the war. (Justin, l. 15. c. 4.) Thereupon, he traversed over all India with a 600,000 man army and sudbued it. (Plut. in Alexan.) He made himself king over them and freed them from a yoke of strangers only to bring them under his yoke. (Justin, l. 15. c. 4.)

2632. Megasthenes, in his Indica, writes, that he often came to him while he remained with Sibyrtius governor of the Arachosians. (Arrian. l. 5. cites him) He says that Seleucus had an army of 400,000 men. (Strabo, l. 16. p. 709.)

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2633. Cassander, king of Macedonia, sent his ambassadors to Antigonus and desired to make a peace with him. Antigonus refused unless Cassander would surrender to his mercy. After a conference with Lysimachus king of Thrace, Lysimachus and Cassander both agreed to send their ambassadors to Ptolemy, king of Egypt and to Seleucus, king of the upper provinces of Asia. They decried the pride and arrogance of Antigonus expressed in his answers and showed them how this war involved them too. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.) Therefore they knew that Antigonus planned to take them on one at a time because they were not united against him. They then appointed a place where they all were to meet. They resolved to contribute their various forces to prosecute this war. Cassander could not be there because the enemy was so close to him. Therefore he sent Lysimachus with all the forces which he was able to spare with abundant provisions for them. (Justin, l. 15. c. 2.)

2634. Seleucus made an alliance with Sandrocottus, king of India and gave him all those regions bordering the Indus River which Alexander had taken from the Arians. Seleucus had made them his colonies and had set governors over them and received from Sandrocottus a gift of 500 elephants. (Strabo. l. 15. p. 724. Plut. in Alex. & Appia. in Syria. p. 123.) When Seleucus had made peace in the east, he prepared for the war against Antigonus, with his allies according to their agreement in the west. (Justin, l. 15. c. 4.)

2635. Lysimachus crossed over into Asia with his own army and came before Lampsacus and Paros. Because they submitted readily to him, he restored to them their ancient liberty. When he had taken Sigaeum by force, he put a strong garrison in it. He then committed 6000 foot soldiers and 1000 cavalry to Prepelaus and sent him to take the cities of Ionia and Eolia. Lysimachus besieged Abydus with all types of battering rams and other weapons of war. Nevertheless, when Demetrius sent an army to defend that place, he lifted the siege. When he had captured the Hellespont and Phrygia, he went on and besieged the city Synada. Antigonus stored his treasure here. (??) Lysimachus persuaded Docimus, a commander of Antigonus, to defect to his side. Docimus helped take Synada and other forts and places belonging to Antigonus. He captured Antigonus' treasure. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

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2636. Meanwhile, Prepelaus, who was sent to make war upon Ionia and Eolia, took Adramittium on the way and besieged Ephesus. He so terrified the inhabitants, that they submitted to him. He found Rhodian hostages there, whom he sent home again to their friends. He did not harm any of the Ephesians. He only burned all the ships which he found in their harbour because the enemy still controlled the sea. Antigonus' naval supremacy was not as certain as it was. (??) After this, the Teians and Colophonians joined the common cause against Antigonus. The Erythrae and Clazomenae were helped by forces sent by the sea, and he was not able to overcome them. He wasted their territories and went to Sardis. There he was able to persuade two of Antigonus' captains, Phaenix and Docimus to defect. He took all the city except for the citadel. It was held by Philippus, a friend of Antigonus and would not defect to him. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

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2637. Antigonus was at that time completely occupied holding games and feasts at his new city of Antigonia. He had proclaimed expensive prizes for those who would enter the contests and offered huge wages to all skilled artisans that he could hire. When he heard how Lysimachus had come into Asia and what great numbers of his soldiers defected to him, he stopped the games. However, he distributed 200 talents among the wrestlers and the artisans who came. He went with his army as quickly as he could and made long marches to meet the enemy. As soon as he came to Tarsus in Cilicia, he advanced his army 3 months pay from the money which he took with him from the city Quindi. Besides this he brought 3000 talents along with him from Antigonia so he would not run out of money. He crossed over the Taurus Mountains and hurried into Cappadocia. He subdued those who revolted from him in upper Phrygia and Lycaonia and made them help him in the wars as they did before. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2638. When Lysimachus heard of the enemies' approach, he consulted with his council concerning this imminent danger and what to do. Their advise was not to risk a battle until Seleucus came from the upper provinces but get into the strongest most fortified place. He should entrench himself in the strongest manner that possibly he could with ramparts and palisades and await the coming of the enemy. Lysimachus followed this advice. As soon as Antigonus came within sight of his camp, he drew out in battle formation and tried unsuccessfully to provoke Lysimachus to a fight. Antigonus captured all the passes that could be used to supply food for the camp. Thereupon Lysimachus feared least when his food ran out, he might be taken alive by Antigonus. Therefore he moved his camp by night and marched 50 miles to Dorylaeum and there camped. In those parts, there was an abundant supply of grain with other provisions and he had a river at his back. Therefore, they there raised a work and enclosed it with an exceeding deep trench with 3 rows of stakes on the top of it. He made the camp as sure as he could make it. When Antigonus found that the enemy was gone, he pursued as fast as he could and came near the place where he was entrenched. When he saw that Lysimachus did not want to fight, he started to make another trench around his camp to besiege him there. For that purpose, he had all kind of instruments for a siege, as darts, arrows and catapults brought there. Although many skirmishes were fought about the trenches because Lysimachus' men fought from their works to hinder the enemy, Antigonus' side prevailed. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2639. In time Antigonus' works were almost finished around him and Lysimachus' provisions began to fail. Therefore Lysimachus took the advantage of a stormy night and got away with his army. They travelled through mountainous countries and came to his winter quarters. The next morning when Antigonus saw that the enemy was gone, he marched after him through the plain country. Because there had been so much rain and the way was poor and full of sloughs, he lost many of his wagons and some of his men on that journey. The whole army was greatly distressed. Therefore, to spare his army and because the winter was approaching, he abandoned the pursuit for that time. He looked around for the best places to winter in and distributed his army to them. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2640. In like manner, Lysimachus sent his army to winter in the country of Salmonia. He had made generous provisions for them from Heraclea. He had made an alliance with that city by marrying Amestris, the widow of Dionysius, guardian of his two young children and governess of that city, (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119. with Menmon, in Photius, c. 5.)

2641. At this time Demetrius made a truce with Cassander and was sent for by his father from Greece. He steered a straight course through the islands of the Aegean Sea and came to Ephesus. He landed his army there and camped before it and made it submit to him as before. He allowed the garrison which Prepelaus had put there, to depart safely. He put a strong garrison of his own into the citadel and marched away with the rest of his army as far as Hellespont. He subdued the Lampsacenians and Parians here. From there he went to the mouth of Pontus and camped near a place called the temple of the Chalcedonians. He fortified it and left 3000 foot soldiers to keep it with 30 ships. He sent the rest of his army to winter in various places around there. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2642. About this time, Mithridates who was subject to Antigonus was suspected of favouring Cassander's party. He was slain at Cius in the country of Mysia. He had reigned for 35 years at Arthinas. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.) Various authors mention him. This Mithridates was the son of Ariobarzanes, a man of the royal blood of Persia. He was descended from one of those 7 which destroyed the Magi there, as we may gather from (Polyubius, l. 5. p. 388. & Florus, l. 3. c. 5. & Sext. Aurelius, Victor. de Vir. Illustr. c. 76.) He was surnamed the "Builder" and left the succession of the kingdom of Pontus after him down to Eupator or that Mithradates who maintained so long a war against the Romans. (Strabo (l. 12. p. 562.) Tertullian also mentions this. (l. de Anima.)

``I learn from Strabo that Mithridates got the kingdom of Pontus by a dream.''

2643. The story is this. Antigonus in a dream thought that he had a field full of a golden harvest. Mithradates came and cut it and carried it away into Pontus. Thereupon Antigonus planned to capture and kill him. When Mithridates was told this by Demetrius, he fled away with 6 cavalry only in his company and fortified a certain town in Cappadocia. Here many men joined his cause and so he obtained both Cappadocia and also many other countries of Pontus. He left them to the 8th generation after him before the Romans took over his kingdom. (Plut. in Demetr. and Appian. in his Mithridatica, p. 176.) Lucian, (in his book of long lived men, p. 176.) from Hierconymus Cardianus and other writers report that he lived for 84 years and that his son, called also Mithridates, succeeded him in his kingdom. He added to his dominions, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia and held them for 36 years. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2644. Cassander sent Pleistarchus into Asia with an army of 12,000 foot soldiers and 500 cavalry to help Lysimachus. When he came to the mouth of Pontus, he found that strait held by the enemy. When he gave up trying to get through that way, he went to Odessus which lies between Appolonia and Galatia opposite Heraclea. Part of Lysimachus' men were here. He found no ships there so he divided his army into 3 parts. The 1st part that set out landed safely at Heraclea. The 2nd part was defeated by the enemy who held the strait of Pontus. The 3rd part including Pleistarchus, almost all perished in a violent storm. Most of the ships with their men perished. The ship he was in, was a good ship of six tiers of oars, sank and only 33 of the 500 men in it escaped. Pleistarchus got on a plank of the ship when it split and was cast on shore half dead. He recovered a little and was carried to Heraclea. He recovered his strength and went to Lysimachus' winter quarters. He had lost most of his army on the way. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

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2645. About the same time Ptolemy came with an excellently well outfitted army from Egypt and subdued all the cities of Coelosyria. When he besieged Sidon, he heard a rumour that a battle had been fought in which Seleucus and Lysimachus were beaten. They had fled to Heraclea and Antigonus was moving quickly into Syria with his victorious army. Ptolemy believed the rumour and made a truce with the Sidonians for 5 months. He put garrisons into the other cities which he had taken in those parts and returned into Egypt. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2646. While these things had happened, 2800 of Lysimachus' chief soldiers defected to Antigonus. Antigonus entertained them very courteously and furnished them the pay as they said Lysimachus owed them. In addition, he gave them a large amount of money for a reward for their actions. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 119.)

2647. At the same time, Seleucus with a large army came down from the upper provinces into Cappadocia and wintered his army in tents which he brought already made for them. His army consisted of 20,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 cavalry including his archers on horseback, 480 elephants and 100 iron chariots. These kings' forces assembled to fight it out next summer to see who would be the master.

2648. Pythagoras was the former soothsayer of Alexander the Great and for Perdiccas and now was employed by Antigonus. He started his divinations of the bowels of beasts that were offered in sacrifices. When he found the strings or filets in the liver missing, he told Antigonus that this indicated his death (Arrian. lib. 7. pag. 160.)

2649. Alexander the Great also appeared to Demetrius in his sleep. He was gloriously armed and asked Demetrius what was the word which he and his father planned to give. Demetrius replied:

``Jove and victory.''

2650. Then Alexander replied:

``Therefore will I go over to thine enemies for they will take me for theirs.'' (Plut. in Demetrio.)

2651. When Antigonus heard that there were so many kings assembled against him, he vauntingly said that he would scatter them all like so many birds out of a bush. However, when the enemies approached, he was observed to be more quiet than usual. He showed his son to his army and told them that this was the man that must be his successor. They marvelled all the more at this, especially Demetrius. Antigonus talked with him alone in his tent many times. Before this he would never share any secret at all with his son. When his army was all ready in battle array, Antigonus stumbled as he was leaving his pavilion to go to them. He fell flat on his face and was greatly troubled by this. He got up again and he begged the gods to send him either a victory that day or a death devoid of pain, (Plut. in Demetrio.)

2652. This battle between these many kings was fought in the beginning of the year at Ipsus, a town in Phrygia. (Arrian. l. 7. Plutarch in Pyrrho, Appian. in Syriacis, p. 122. Diod. Sic. & Porphy year 4. Olymp. 119.) In this battle Antigonus and Demetrius had between them more than 70,000 foot soldiers, 10,000 cavalry, 75 elephants and 120 chariots. Demetrius with the most of his cavalry charged Antiochus the son of Seleucus and his successor later in the kingdom. Demetrius most valiantly routed him but rashly pursued him too far. This was the reason for his father's defeat that day. In that pursuit Pyrrhus displayed valour and his worth conspicuously. He was only 17 years old and was expelled from his kingdom by the Epirotes, his subjects. He allied himself with Demetrius who had married his sister Derdamia who was intended for Alexander, the son of Alexander the Great, by Roxane. (Plutarch in Pyrrho.)

2653. When Seleucus saw that Antigonus' battalion was destitute of all help from their cavalry, he made as if he would have attacked them. Instead he wisely invited them to defect to him. Thereupon a large part of them did so and the rest fled. Seleucus turned on Antigonus. One of them cried out, saying:

``These come upon thee, O king.''

2654. He answered:

``But Demetrius, will come and help us.''

2655. While he stood waiting for Demetrius' return to rescue him, the enemy came on and showered their arrows as thick as hail on him. In that storm he fell and died. Thereupon all forsook him and shifted for themselves. Only Thorax of Larissa stayed by the body of him. (Plut. in Demetr.) His body was later taken up and buried in a royal manner. (Diod. Sic. l. 21.) Plutarch tells us that when Antigonus was on his recent expedition into Egypt, he was then a little less than 80 years old. Appian states that he was over 80 years old on that expedition. He lived 86 years according to Porphyrie as cited by Scaliger in his Greek fragments of Eusebius. (l. Ult.) However Hieronysmus Cardianus the historian who lived with him (as Lacianus, in his book of long lived men, testifies of him) affirms that he only lived 81 years.

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2656. When Demetrius saw that all was lost, he fled away as fast as he could with 5000 foot soldiers and 4000 cavalry to Ephesus. All men began to fear lest for lack of money, he would plunder the temple of Diana. When he thought he would not be able to restrain his soldiers from that, he left there as quickly as he could. (Plut. in Demetr.) He took his mother Stratonice and all his treasure with him and sailed to Salamis in the isle of Cyprus which was at that time under his command. (Diod. Sic. l. 21.)

2657. After the kings that had gotten this great victory, they started dividing up this large kingdom of Antigonus and Demetrius among themselves. These new lands were added to their existing kingdoms. (Plut. in Demetr. Appian. in Syriac. p. 122. with Polyb. l. 5. p. 410.)

2658. When they could not agree how to divide of the spoil, they split into two sides. Seleucus allied himself with Demetrius and Ptolemy joined with Lysimachus. (Justin, l. 15. c. 4.) Seleucus and Ptolemy were the strongest two of the group. Therefore the dispute between them was continued by their posterities under the names of the Seleucians, or kings of the north and the kings of Ptolemy, or the kings of the south. This was foretold in Da 11:5-20.

2659. Simon the son of Omias, succeeded him in the priesthood at Jerusalem. He was surnamed "The Just", because of his great zeal and fervency in the worship of God and the great love which he had for his country men, the Jews. (Josephus, l. 12. c. 2.) In the book of /APC Sir 50:1-5 we find this testimony given about him:

``Simon, was the high priest, the son of Onias, who in his lifetime repaired the house again and in his days fortified the temple. He had built from the foundation the double height (or curtain) the high fortress of the wall about the temple. In his days the cistern to receive water, being round like the sea, was covered with plates of brass. He took care of the temple that it should not fall and fortified the city against besieging. How was he honoured in the midst of the people at his coming from the sanctuary!''

2660. (See Salian. his Annals book 5, 3675 AM. & Scaliger, in his Animadversions, on Euseb. num. 1785.) This man is said to have been high priest for 9 years. (Scalig. in Grac. Euseb. p. 50.)

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3704 AM, 4414 JP, 300 BC

2661. On April 23rd, Seleucus offered sacrifice to Jove in the Mount Casius and consulted him concerning a place, where to build a city. An eagle came and caught away a piece of flesh from the altar. She is said to have let it fall in a place near the sea below Palaeopolis, (this was a little city built in previous times by Syrus, the son of Agenor on a hill there) in a sea town of Pieria. Thereupon, Seleucus started to lay the foundation of a large city which he built there and called after his own name, Seleucia. (Johan. Malela, in his Chron. not printed.) However, others say that he followed not that act of the eagle but the flash of some lightening that appeared to him. Thereupon the lightening was always after this in that place celebrated with set hymns and praises as if it were a god itself. (Appia. in Syriac. p. 125.)

2662. Seleucus came to Iopolis, a city built in the hill country of Silphium. There on the third day after his arrival, which was the 1st Artemisium or our May, he offered sacrifice to Jove the Thunderer in a certain shrine. It was said to have been built there in ancient times by Perseus the son of Danae. Later when he arrived at Antigonia, he offered there sacrifice to Jove on the alters recently built there by Antigonus. Seleucus with Amphion the priest, prayed that Jove would show him by some sign whether he should live in Antigonia and rename the place or whether he should go and build a new city in another place. Then again it is said that an eagle came and caught away a piece of the flesh from the altar and let it fall near the hill of Siliphum. Hence it was that he laid the foundation of his wall opposite that hill on which Iopolis was built near the Orontes River where there was a town called Botzia. This was on the 22nd day of the month Artemisium at sun rise. This city he named after his son, Antiochus. In it Estsooners built a temple to Jupiter Botzius. This and other things are related by Johannes Malela of Antioch concerning the origin of this city. Also, Eusebius in his Chron. affirms that this city was built by Seleucus in the 12th year of his reign. This city of Syria was later made a tetrapolis, that is a fourfold city. It was divided into 4 regions, creating 4 cities. Everyone of them, had a proper wall built around it and one common one which enclosed them all. The first was built by this Seleucus Nicator. The second was the work of the inhabitants themselves. The third was finished by Seleucus Callinicus. The fourth, by Antiochus Epiphanes. (Strabo, l. 16. p. 750.)

2663. Seleucus named this city after the name of his son Antiochus. This is confirmed by Malela and Cedremus, Julian the Apostate, in his Misopogon. However Strabo, Appianus and Trogus Pompeius tell us that he called it Antioch after the name of his father Antiochus. Justin from Trogus Pompeius (l. 15. c. 4.) says, that here he consecrated the memorial of a twofold beginning. He says that he called the city after the name of his father Antiochus and consecrated its fields to Apollo. He did this because his mother, Laodice, wanted him to believe that he was born of her by Apollo. Therefore Daphne was consecrated to Apollo. It is a suburb of Antioch, a place famous for the grove of laurel trees that grew there, and no less than 10 miles around. Hence to this day it is called Daphne near Antioch. /APC 2Ma 4:33 So the city itself of Antioch, is called Antioch near to Daphne by other writers.

2664. Seleucus utterly demolished Antigonia and carried the materials down the Orontes River to Antioch. He relocated 5300 Macedonians and Athenians whom Antigonus moved there to his new city. (Jo. Malela,) Although Diodorus says that Seleucus did destroy Antigonia but adds that he relocated its inhabitants to his new city of Seleucia. (l. 20. year. 2. Olymp. 118.) However, Strabo also makes mention of the inhabitants of Antigonus, being relocated to Antioch, (l. 16. p. 750.) and adds that some of the families and offspring of Triptolemus and Argivians who were long ago sent with him to seek out Io were settled there by Seleucus. These were those Greeks from Peloponese of whom Stephanus Byzantius says were settled in Antioch by Daphne. Jo. Malela also states that:

``Seleucus personally sought out some of the Greeks from Ionia and relocated those Greeks who lived in Iopolis, to Antioch. He made them citizens there as men of a more sacred and generous kind than the rest.'' (cf. Sacaliger's notes on the 1713. number of the Eusib. Chron.)

2665. Lysimachus, the king of Thrace married Arsinoe, the daughter of Ptolemy. This was not Ptolemy Philadelphus, as Memnon states (c. 5.) but of Ptolemy the First, the son of Lagus, surnamed "The Deliverer". This we learn from Plutarch in Demetr. and Justin, (l. 17. c. 2. & l. 24. c. 2.) and even from Memnon himself, (in Excerpt c. 9.) of Ptolemy the First and Euridice, as we find in Pansan his Attic. (p. 8.) His former wife Amestris, the widow of Dionysius, the tyrant or a usurper of Heraclea, grew so offended, that she left him and returned to Heraclea. She built a city there near the Euxian Sea which she called after her own name Amastris and sent for men from Selsamus, Cytorus, Cromnus, Teios and other places to live there. (Memnon. Excerpt. c. 5. with Strabo l. 12. p. 544.)

3705 AM, 4415 JP, 299 BC

2666. Seleucus followed the example of Lysimachus and sent his ambassadors and through them desired to marry Stratonice, the daughter of Demetrius, who was surnamed Poliorcetes and Paila. Thereupon, Demetrius, took his daughter along with him and sailed for Syria with his whole fleet which attended him at Athens. On the way they landed in Cilicia which Plistarchus the brother of Cassander, held. This was allotted to him by a general consent of the kings, after the battle in which Antigonus, his father was slain. Plistarchus was offended that Demetrius landed in his territory and complained about Seleucus. For without the consent of the other kings, Ptolemy and Lysimachus, Seleucus had entered into a league with Demetrius, a common enemy to them all. Demetrius was quite upset by this and went from there to Quinda. He found what remained of the old treasure of Alexander's 1200 talents. He took it all away with him, and weighed anchor and sailed away as fast as he could. (Plut. in Demet.)

2667. Seleucus came to meet Demetrius and his wife Phila at a place called Orossus and invited them to dine with him at his pavilion in his camp. After this, Demetrius invited him on board his ship of 13 tiers of oars high. They spent whole days in friendly conversation together without arms or guards around them. At length Seleucus married Stratonice and returned with her in great pomp to Antioch.

2668. When Demetrius had taken over Cilicia, he sent his wife Phila to her brother Cassander to excuse such matters as Plistarchus, might have charged him with. While she was away, his other wife, Deidamia came to him to Athens where after a short while she died. (Plut. in Demet.)

2669. Seleucus wanted Demetrius to sell him Cilicia for a certain sum of money. He refused. Seleucus in anger, demanded to have Sidon and Tyre from him. This seemed an injurious act of his that having made himself lord and possessing all from India to the Syrian Sea, yet he was of so poor a spirit as to trouble his father-in-law who was under a cloud of adverse fortune for two such poor cities, as Tyre and Sidon. Therefore Demetrius stoutly answered that if he were a thousand times defeated yet he would never buy a son-in-law at so dear a rate. Thereupon he started to fortify those two cities which were such thorns in Seleucus side. (Plut. in Demet.)

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3707 AM, 4417 JP, 297 BC

2670. Cassander died after ruling Macedonia for 19 years. He left 3 sons, Philip, Antipater and Alexander, who were born by Thessalonice, the sister of Alexander the Great. All these reigned after their father for only 42 months. (Dexippus & Porphyrius, in Scaliger's Greek Eusebius, p. 48. 228.)

2671. Philip the older of the three, died shortly after his father's death of consumption. His two younger brothers, Antipater and Alexander died fighting about the kingdom. (Justin l. 16. c. 1. Pausa, in his Boeot. p. 287. & Plut. in Pyrrho and Alexan.)

2672. This Antipater, Dexippus and Euseb. in Chron. call by the name of Antigonus. Hermippus means the same person when he says, that Demetrius Phalereus, after the death of Cassander and for the fear he had of Antigonus, fled to Ptolemy, surnamed "The Deliverer". (Diog. Laertius, in Demet. Phal.)

2673. At the same time, Pyrrhus remained with Ptolemy, in excile in Egypt. He married Antigone, the daughter of Bernice the queen, by Philip, her former husband. (Plut. in Pyrrho. Pausan. in Attic. p. 10.)

3707 AM, 4417 JP, 297 BC

2674. Pyrrhus with the help of Antigone his wife, obtained a fleet of ships and money from Ptolemy. He set sail for his old kingdom Epirus. He came to an agreement with Neoptolemus, who had usurped his kingdom, to hold it jointly with him. (Plut. in Pyrrho. Pausan. in Attic. p. 10.)

2675. Eupolemus, the historian, traces his chronology from Adam and the coming of the children of Israel from Egypt down to the 5th year of Demetrius. This was calculated from the death of his father Antigonus, and to the 12th year of Ptolemy and from the death of Alexander the Great's seed. (See end of note 3695 AM) He did this in his book of the kings of Judah, as we find in the (1st book of Strom. of Clemen. Alexan.)

3708 AM, 4418 JP, 296 BC

2676. Demetrius Poliorceres, that is "city besieger", wasted the city of Samaria, which Perdiccas had formerly rebuilt. (Euseb. Chron.)

3709 AM, 4419 JP, 295 BC

2677. Velleius Paterculus, in the 1st book of his history, tells us that Pyrrhus began his reign when Fabius Maximus and Q. Decius Mur were both for the 5th time consuls of Rome. That is the time when Neoptolemus was killed, Pyrrhus took the sole possession of Epirus. He remembered how much he had been indebted to Berenice and Ptolemy through whose favour he had recovered his kingdom. He called his son, whom Antigone gave him, after Ptolemy. When he had built a new city on a neck of land in Epirus, he named it after his wife's mother, Berenice. (Plut. in Pyrrho.)

3710 AM, 4420 JP, 294 BC

2678. In the 36th year of the period Calippus, the 25th day of the month Possideon, in the 454th year Nabonassar, the 16th day of Paophus, 3 hours after midnight, the 21st day of our December, Timochares observed at Alexandria in Egypt the following. The moon rose to her farthest height north and touched the most northerly star in the head of Scorpio. (Ptol. in his great Syntax. l. 7. c. 3.)

2679. In the same year, on the 15th day of Elaphebolion, the 5th of Tybus, 4 hours before midnight on the 9th of our May, Timochares observed the conjunction of the moon with Spica in Virgo. (Ptol. in his great Syntax. l. 7. c. 3.)

2680. Thessalonice the queen and widow of Cassander, the daughter of Philip who was the father of Alexander the Great, born by the daughter of Nicasipolus, was murdered by Antipater, her own son. She pleaded for her life because she was his mother but to no avail. The reason was that when the kingdom was divided between him and his brother, she seemed to favour her youngest son, Alexander. Alexander sought to avenge the murder of his mother and asked the help from all his friends, Pyrrhus, king of Epirus and Demetrius Poliorcetes in Peloponesus. (Justin, l. 16. c. 1. Plut. in Pyrrho. & Demetr. Pausan. in Boeot. p. 287.)

2681. Lysimachus the king of Thrace feared Demetrius' arrival. He persuaded his son-in-law, Antipater to fight an old common enemy and set past differences aside. (Justin, l. 16. c. 1.) He knew well that Pyrrhus would do anything for Ptolemy's sake. Therefore he sent some forged letters to Pyrrhus from Ptolemy. These advised him, to receive a gratuity of 300 talents from Antipater and to stop his expedition into Macedon for the support of Alexander against his brother. Pyrrhus perceived this trick of his. When he opened the letter, he did not find the usual greeting from Ptolemy to him which was, "Pater filio", that is, "the father to his son". Instead of this, it was written, "King Ptolemy to King Pyrrhus, sends greeting". When Demetrius suddenly attacked Macedon, he foiled all these schemes of Lysimachus. (Plut. in Pyrrho.)

2682. Ptolemy of Egypt, captured the whole isle of Cyprus from Demetrius, except for the city of Salamis. He besieged Demetrius' mother and children that were there. When he finally captured the city, he sent them home to Demetrius with an honourable escort and with rich presents for their journey. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2683. When Demetrius captured Alexander, he killed him and took over the kingdom of Macedon. (Justin, l. 16. c. 1. Pausan. Boeot. p. 287. Plut. in Pyrr. & Demetr. & in his Treatise of Shamefacedness). He held it for 7 years as Plutarch affirms.

3711 AM, 4421 JP, 293 BC

2684. At that time, Lysimachus was fighting a war started against him by Dromichetes, the king of the Getes. So he would not be forced to fight against the king of Getes and Demetrius at the same time, he gave up that part of Macedon which belonged to his son-in-law Antipater and so made peace with him. (Justin l. 16. c. 1. with Strab. l. 7. p. 302, 305.)

2685. Dromichaetes captured Lysimachus but treated him very kindly. (Strabo. l. 7. p. 302, 305. Diodorus, in Excerpt. H. Vales. p. 257, 258.) Lysimachus gave him his daughter in marriage and part of Thrace which lay beyond the Ister, for a dowry. (Pansan. in Attica. p. 8.)

2686. Clearchus, the king of Heraclea in Pontus went to help Lysimachus in his war against the Getes and was taken prisoner together with Lysimachus. When Lysimachus had gotten liberty for himself, he wisely secured his liberty also. (Atemnon. in Excerpt. c. 6.)

3712 AM, 4422 JP, 292 BC

2687. When Simon, surnamed the Just, the high priest at Jerusalem, died he left behind him only one son, Onias. Simon's brother, Eleazar, became high priest of the Jews, (Joseph. l. 12. c. 2.) and is said to have held that office for 32 years according to Scaliger's Greek Eusebian fragments. (p. 50. & 162.)

2688. After Lysimachus returned from the war in Getes, Agathocles, his oldest son and who was taken prisoner in the first battle that he was in, as some report, was married. He took Lysandra for a wife who was the daughter of Ptolemy of Egypt, surnamed "The Deliverer" and his wife Eutidice. (Pausan. in his Attic. p. 8.)

2689. After this, Lysimachus sailed into Asia with his navy and captured those who were in subjection to Antigonus and Demetrius. (Pausan. in his Attic. p. 8. with Plut. in Demet.) While he besieged Ephesus,they were helped by Mardro, an old pirate. He often brought to them rich prises which he had captured. Lysimachus bribed him and had him betray the city to him. He gave Mardro some valiant Macedonians. He had their hands bound behind them and brought them like prisoners into Ephesus. These men waited for the right time and got weapons in the citadel where they were kept. They took the city for Lysimachus. (Jul. Fronti. Stratag. l. 3. c. 3.) The city of Ephesus was located on low ground and a while later was completely flooded by the sea. Concerning this flood, we may read an epigram in Stephanus Byzantinus made by Duris. Lysimachus now moved it into another place and rebuilt it. He called it after his new wife Arsinot but after his death, the city quickly assumed its old name of Ephesus. (Strabo. l. 14, p. 640. & Stephanus in Ephesus.) To populate his new city, he destroyed the two cities of Lebedus and Colophos and relocated their inhabitants to the new city. Concerning the destruction of those two famous cities, Phoenix in his Iambics, grievously deplores this action. (Pansan. in Attica. p. 8.)

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3713 AM, 4423 JP, 291 BC

2690. Seleucus wanted to populate the cities he had built in Asia and the lower Syria and especially Antioch which was the metropolis of all the rest. He relocated the Jews from their own dwellings into them and gave them equal privileges, prerogatives and immunities that the Macedonians had both in towns and cities. (Euseb. Chron. Joseph. Antiquit. l. 12. c. 3. & l. Cont. Apio. p. 1063.) Seleucus named 16 of the cities Antioch, after his father Antioch. He named 6 of them, Laodicea after his mother Laodice. He named 9 of them Seleucia after himself. He named 3 of them Apamea, after his wife. He named one after his former wife, Stratonice. He called the rest Greek and Macedonian names as he though best, e.g. Berraea, Edesla, Peila, and so forth. (Appian. in Syria.)

3715 AM, 4425 JP, 289 BC

2691. When Agathocles, the tyrant of Sicily was about to die, he shipped away to Egypt his wife Thoxena with his two children whom he had by her and who were very young. Along with them he sent all his treasure, family and costly furniture. He was one of the richest kings. His wife had originally come from Egypt. He feared that as soon as he was dead, they would suffer and his kingdom would be plundered. His wife begged to stay with him to the end for she said she married him for better or worse. At last she and her children left him but not without many a doleful cry. Even his young children could scarcely be pulled away from him. As soon as they were gone, he died. (Justin, l. 23. c. 2.)

2692. Clearchus and Oxathres, the two kings of Heraclea in Pontus, murdered their mother. When Amestris was on board a ship to leave them, she was thrown overboard in a most barbarous manner and drowned in the sea. (Memnon Excerp. c. 6.)

3716 AM, 4426 JP, 288 BC

2693. Lysimachus desired to revenge the death of Amistris whom he was married to for a long time. He came into Heraclea and showed all fatherly affection to Clearchus and those who were nearest him. First he killed him and then his brother Oxathres. (Memnon Excerp. c. 7.) This was 17 years after the death of the father of Clearchus as recorded in Diodorus. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.) When he had conquered that city and its territory, he took all the treasure that belonged to those kings and whatever they had of value and left the city in full liberty by its own laws. He returned to his own kingdom. (Memnon, c. 7.)

2694. Strato of Lampsacus, the son of Arcesilaus, and surnamed Physicus, succeeded Theophrastus in his school. Strato was the teacher and tutor to Ptolemaeus Philadelphus. He gave Strato 80 talents for educating him. (Diog. Laert. in Strabone.)

2695. Demetrius Poliorcetes was trying to recover all his father, Antigonus' dominions. He was now ready to land in Asia with so large an army that no man after the days of Alexander the Great to that time had a larger army. He had more than 98,000 foot soldiers and little less than 12,000 cavalry. His fleet had 500 ships. Some were extremely large as 15 or 16 tiers of oars. Before his going on this expedition, he made a firm league with Pyrrhus. He feared lest Pyrrhus create trouble in his absence and interfere with his plans. (Plut. in Demetr. and Pyrrho.)

3717 AM, 4427 JP, 287 BC

2696. Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus also feared what Demetrius' intentions were. They combined their forces into one body and made war on Demetrius in Europe. All three sent ambassadors to Pyrrhus in Epirus and requested that he invade Macedonia. He should disregard that league he had made with Demetrius since Demetrius had no intention of peace but planned to be free to wage war where he pleased. Pyrrhus readily agreed to this. He defeated Demetrius' army, routed him and took over the kingdom of Macedonia. (Plut. in Demetr. and Pyrrho. Justin, l. 16. c. 2.) This was the first time, as (Pausan. in Attic. p. 11.) notes that Pyrrhus was the owner of some elephants.

2697. Lysimachus came and pretended that he had a hand in the defeat Demetrius as well as Pyrrhus. He wanted half the kingdom of Macedonia. Pyrrhus doubted the loyalty of the Macedonians to him and agreed. Hence, Macedonia was divided with him by cities and regions, (Plut. in Demetr.)

2698. In these machinations, Lysimachus found that his son-in-law, Antipater, complained publicly that his father-in-law had cheated him of the kingdom of Macedonia. Therefore Lysimachus killed him. His daughter Euridice, Antipater's widow was grieved by the death of her husband. Therefore he committed her to prison. So the whole house of Cassander paid Alexander the Great the price, whether of his own death or whether of the destruction of his family, partly by murders, partly by torments, partly by patricide. This was committed in his own family to the utter destruction of it. (Justin, l. 16. c. 2.)

2699. When Demetrius was stripped of his kingdom, he fled to Cassandria. His wife Phila was consumed with grief and could not endure to see her husband become a private citizen in a foreign country. She gave up all hope in the future and poisoned herself. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2700. When Demetrius besieged Athens which had revolted from him to Pyrthus, Crates the Philosopher was sent in an embassy to him. He persuaded Demetrius to lift his siege. Thereupon he assembled all his ships and boarded them with his 11,000 foot soldiers in addition to his cavalry. He sailed away into Asia and captured all Caria and Lydia from Lysimachus. There Euridice, the sister of his wife Phila, met him not far from Miletus and brought with her Ptolemais, her daughter by Ptolemy of Egypt. His son-in-law Seleucus, had previously spoken to Ptolemy to give her to him. Therefore Demetrius now married her, by the good will of Euridice. By her Demetrius begat Demetrius, who later reigned in Cyrenia. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2701. In this expedition, Demetrius captured many towns and cities. Some he persuaded to defect to him, others he took by force. Some defected from Lysimachus to him. These gave him a good supply of men and war materials. When Agathocles the son of Lysimachus came towards him with an army, he marched up into Phrygia. He planned to invade Armenia and thereby to make a rebellion in Media. He hoped to see how loyal the upper provinces of Asia were to him. He hoped to find a good refuge there if required. He had often beaten Agathocles, who followed him, in small fights but never had a main battle with him. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2702. Nevertheless, many times he lacked food for himself and fodder for his horses. He found himself sorely distressed especially by an error he made in crossing the Lycus River. He lost many of his soldiers who were swept away by that violent river. After a famine, a pestilence killed 8000 of his troops. He was forced to return with the rest to Tarsus in Cilicia. He planned to refrain from any oppression of the people of Seleucus, whom he would not offend in any way. This was not to be. When he considered the extreme necessity that his army was in and Agathocles kept all the passes of the Taurus Mountains, he wrote letters to Seleucus. He complained of his own bad fortune and humbly besought him to be compassionate to him since he was a poor kinsman of his and one that desired to be pitied even by an enemy. (Plut. in Demetr.)

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3718 AM, 4428 JP, 286 BC

2703. Seleucus had compassion on the distressing state of his father-in-law. He wrote to his commanders and officers in those parts to supply him with all necessaries in a kingly manner and not to allow his army to be short of anything. However, Procles, an intimate friend of Seleucus, planted suspicions in Seleucus' head against Demetrius. Seleucus led an army against him into Cilicia. Demetrius, wondered at this sudden change in Seleucus and withdrew into the craggy Taurus Mountains. From there he sent his agents to Seleucus to desire that by his permission he might attack some free state of the barbarians. He would spend the remainder of his life there without ranging over the world any longer. If Seleucus would not permit this, then he asked permission to winter quietly where he was and not to expose him in the extremity he now was in to the force and fury of his enraged enemy. Seleucus took these requests as unfriendly to him. Therefore he granted him only that after he surrendered his best friends to him for hostages, then he should spend two months of his winter quarters in Cataonia. This was a country bordering upon Cappadocia. Seleucus blocked all passes which led from there into Syria. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2704. Demetrius was now trapped like a wild beast in a den. He had Agathocles the son of Lysmachus on the one hand and Seleucus on the other to watch him. He then used force and wasted some of the provinces which belonged to Seleucus. In every encounter, he had the better of him. When Seleucus let his iron chariots attack him, Demetrius at various times routed them also and put his enemies to flight. He took the passes of the mountains, and drove out the garrisons which Seleucus had placed there to hold them. He was now growing confident of his own strength and resolved to settle the matter in a pitched battle with Seleucus. Suddenly he became very sick. This laid him low and dashed his hopes of better things in the world. In that sickness all his soldiers abandoned him. Some defected to his enemies and others disbanded and went where they pleased. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2705. While Demetrius was trapped by Seleucus in Syria, Lysimachus attacked Pyrrhus in Macedonia. In 5 years and 6 months time, he won it all from him. (Dexip. and Porphy.)

2706. At the end of 40 days, Demetrius recovered from his sickness. He took the remaining soldiers and moved his camp and let on that he would march into Cilicia. The next night, without sound of trumpet, he turned around another way. When he passed the hill Amanus, he ravaged and plundered all that country as far as Cyrrhestica, a region in Syria. When Seleucus came there with his army and camped not far from him, Demetrius with his men attacked him at night while he slept. However, Seleucus had notice of his coming by some that defected to him. He got out of his bed and commanded an alarm to be sounded. While he was putting on his shoes, he cried out to his friends that he had to deal with a fierce wild beast. When Demetrius knew his attack was no longer a surprise by the noise which he heard in the enemies camp, he retired and went his way. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2707. As soon as it was day, Seleucus followed and overtook him. Demetrius gave one wing to be led by a captain of his and led the other himself. He routed the wing of the enemy on his side. Then Seleucus, leaped off his horse and took off his helmet. With a shield in his hand, he showed himself bare faced to the mercenaries of Demetrius' army and exhorted them to leave Demetrius and defect to him. He urged them to know that it was more in favour to them than to Demetrius that he had refrained for so long from attacking them. Thereupon they all cried out, "God save Seleucus", and called him their king and abandoned Demetrius to serve Seleucus. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2708. Demetrius thought this would be the last reverse of his fortunes and the worst thing that could befall him. He retired to the passes of the Amanus Mountain and spent that night in a thick wood with those few friends who he had left. He planned to go from there to the city of Caunus and hoped to get shipping to flee to some other country. When he saw that he had not so much as one day's provision for those who were with him, it happened that an old friend of his, Sosigines, came and brought him 400 crowns. He hoped this money would pay for his needs on his journey to the sea side. Therefore he went by night to cross the top of the mountain. When he saw the enemy campfires everywhere and that the enemy was in his way, in great despair he was forced to return to the place where he set out from. When one of the company told him that he would do well to surrender to Seleucus, Demetrius drew his sword and would have killed himself there. However his friends persuaded him not to and he sent to Seleucus and surrendered himself and all that he had to him. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2709. When Seleucus heard the message, he ordered his servants to outfit a royal pavilion in a most regal manner to receive Demetrius. He sent Apollonides, who had formerly been an intimate friend of Demetrius, to comfort him and to tell him that there was no cause of fear since he was to come to an old friend and son-in-law of his. When Seleucus' servants heard this, first one by one and then later they all flocked in great multitudes to Demetrius. Their action provoked envy instead of compassion toward Demetrius. This made his foes to void Seleucus' good intentions to him. They told Seleucus that no sooner would Demetrius be seen in the camp but he would find strange alterations and innovations in it. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2710. Thereupon, Pausanias was sent with a company of about 1000 men, cavalry and foot soldiers together. They put all others from him and instead of bringing him to Seleucus, they carried him away to a certain cape in Syria. In that place he was kept for the rest of his days with a strong guard on him. He was given sufficient allowance and lacked no money, no walks, no gardens, nor places of hunting, or other recreations that his heart could wish for. His friends that had followed him, were free to see and talk with him anytime. Not a day passed there, that someone came to see him from Seleucus with friendly messages from him and to encourage him to be of good comfort and hope for further liberty upon reasonable conditions. Soon Antiochus (who was Seleucus' son) and his wife Stratonice were come to court. (Plut. in Demetr.) However, (Diod. Sic. l. 21.) tells us that he was all this time kept prisoner at Pella. (Hen. Vales. in Excerpt. p. 262.)

2711. When Demetrius was in this state, he wrote to his son, other captains and his friends at Athens, Corinth and other places. He said that they should give no credence to any letters that might happen to come to them as being sent by him or sealed with his seal. They should act as if he were dead and respect his son Antigonus in the kingdom. (Plut. in Demetr.) It is from this time that Porphyrie starts Antigonus' reign over Greece. That is from the 10th year before he added the kingdom of Macedonia to his other dominions. Porphyrie further tells us that Antigonus was surnamed Gonates from a place called Goni in Thessalia, where he grew up. (Scalig. in Grac. Euseb. p. 226.) When Antigonus heard the news of his father's captivity, he took it very hard. He clothed himself in mourning clothes and wrote letters to various kings and to Seleucus. He did this in humble manner and offered himself and whatever he could call his as a pledge to Seleucus for his father. Similar letters and messages came to Seleucus from various cities and kings on Demetrius' behalf. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2712. Only Lysimachus in his letters advised Seleucus to take heed how he let the man go. He said Demetrius was ambitious and turbulent a spirit, so ambitious of sovereignty and so encroaching upon the rights of all the other kings. He offered Seleucus 2000 talents if he would kill him. However, Seleucus, who never had any good opinion of Lysimachus, utterly detested him after reading his letter and thought he was a barbarous and execrable person. He spared no foul words to his ambassadors in that they tried to persuade him to break the promise which he had given and to murder one who was so closely related to him. Nevertheless Seleucus wrote letters immediately to his son Antiochus who was then in Media. He advised him what he should do with Demetrius now that he had him. Seleucus planned to free him and to restore him to his former glory as a king. Therefore he thought it fitting to communicate to Demetrius because he had married his daughter Stratonice and had children by her. (Plut. in Demet. & Diod. Sic. in Excerpt. Published by Hen. Vales. l. 21.)

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3719 AM, 4429 JP, 285 BC

2713. Demetrius was confined to that Chersonese or cape. At first he exercised himself in hunting and other sports. But gradually grew idle and reckless and spent most of of his time eating and playing dice. (Plut. in Demet.)

2714. Ptolemy of Egypt, surnamed Soter, had children first by Euridice, the daughter of Antipater and then by Berenice whom Antipater sent as a companion only with his daughter into Egypt. He was near death and he appointed Ptolemy, surnamed Philadelphus, one of his sons, whom he had by Bernice to succeed him in the kingdom, according to Pausan. in Attic. Justin (l. 16. c. 2.) tells us, that while he was still in very good health, he turned his kingdom over to his son and that he told the people his reasons for doing this. However, Lucianus in Macrobiis, and Porphyrie in the Greek Eusebian fragments, (p. 225.) tell us that when he had reigned 38 years by himself, he then made his son viceroy in the kingdom and so held the kingdom jointly with him for 2 years. However, I calculate that it was in the 39th year after the death of Alexander, that he took his son Philadelphus into the consortship of the kingdom with him. In memory of this, Dionysius the astronomer started a new era starting from the summer of this year, 3719 AM as Clan. Ptolemy shows in his Great Syntaxis from Dionysius' celestial observations. This Dionysius is the same man and none other whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent into India. (Pliny l. 6. c. 17.)

2715. Hermippus says that Demetrius Phalereus advised Ptolemy, to make viceroy one of his sons born by Euridice and not a son by Berenice. Heraclides, (reported by Diog. Laertius in Demetr. Phaler. in his Epitome of the Successions of Sotion,) states that when the Ptolemy wanted the kingdom to his son Philadelphus, Demetrius said to him:

``Sir, take heed what you do; if you give it away once, you will never have it again;''

2716. In spite of this, the father publicly gave his son the kingdom and served him as one of his ordinary guard. He said that it was much better to be the father of a king than having a kingdom. (Justin l. 16. c. 2.)

2717. Ptolemy was surnamed "Ceraunus", that is "lightning". This was either for his quickness and celerity in handling business or for his fierceness of nature. Memnon states that when the son of Euridice saw his younger brother made king before him, he fled to Seleucus for fear. Seleucus pitied his situation as of the son of a friend and entertained him with a generous and honourable allowance. He promised that whenever his father died, he would set him in his throne in Egypt. (Memnon in Excerpt, c. 9. and 13. Appian on Syriac. p. 128.)

2718. In the 124 Olympiad, as we find in Cyril of Alexandria, (l. 1. cont. Julia.) the image of Serapis was brought from Sinope on the Euxine Sea to Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus as some think. This was under Ptolemy the first, his father, for in the beginning of this olympiad, they reigned jointly as was noted before. Ambassadors were sent from him concerning this very thing to Scydrothenus, who was at that time king of Sinope in Pontus. Cornelius Tacitus describes this in detail toward the end of the 4th book of his history.

3720 AM, 4430 JP, 284 BC

2719. In the same olympiad, as we find in Euseb. Chron. that Sostratus of Cnidus built the Pharos or lighthouse at Alexandria. Pliny, (l. 36. c. 12.) describes it thus:

``The lighthouse built by a king in the Isle of Pharos at the port of Alexandria, is very famous. This cost 800 talents to build. Ptolemy the king was very generous in that he allowed Sostratus, the architect of that great work, to name it. The use of the tower was to hold a light in it to help those who travelled by sea at night. By day it showed them the way into the port and how to avoid the shoals in front of it.''

2720. Strabo (l. 17. p. 791.) calls Sostratus, the "friend of kings". He means of the two Ptolemys, father and son, who, as I showed before, at this time held that kingdom in consortship together. He gives the inscription which Sostratus made there himself:

``Sostratus, of Cnidia, the son of Dexiphanes, to the gods the deliverers, for the benefit of the seamen.''

2721. Lucian at the end of his book of the correct writing of a history, has the same, except that he says that Sostrates inserted it somewhere cunningly "and of himself", and not, as Pliny, "by the permission and good liking of the two kings." For when he built the lighthouse, he engraved this inscription somewhere on the inside of it. Then he plastered it over and on that plaister wrote the name of the Ptolemy, whoever it was that then reigned. He thought that it would come to pass in some short time, (as indeed it did) that the upper inscription together with the plaster would fall off and then his own name that was engraved under in good stone would appear.

2722. To ensure a safe means of getting supplies to Pharos which lay about a mile from the main land, a huge causeway was made to join the island to the continent so it was no longer a distinct island. A Chersonese or peninsula and a part of the continent joined to Rhacotis a suburb of the city of Alexandria. Julius Caesar (in l. 3. Comminta. De Bello civi.) toward the end of the book said this:

``Pharos, is a lighthouse in that island of a fantastic height and sumptuously built. It is named after the island on which it stands. This island lies opposite Alexandria and makes an arm of the sea between a sure haven for the cities use, but a "superioribus Regibus".''

2723. (For so it should be , Broadaeus, Scaliger and Salianus have noted, not "a superioribus Regionibus" as the common printed copies have it.) That is:

``By their kings in former ages had a narrow causeway of 920 paces long been made through the sea which connects to the town by a bridge.''

2724. For we may in no way give credit to that fable of Ammian Marcel. (l. 22. of Johann. Malela, l. 9. c. 2. of the author of the Fasti Siculi of George Cadrenius & Johann. Tzetza,) who imagines that both the lighthouse itself and its causeway were the work of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt.

2725. Spartacus, the king of Bosphorus Cimmerius died after he had reigned 20 years. Diodorus states this happened in year 1 of the 119th Olympiad. He was succeeded by his son Parysates. (See note on 3695 AM)

2726. Demetrius Poliorcetes who had been confined for 3 whole years in a cape of Syria became sick and died. This was caused partly by laziness and partly by over eating. (Plut. in Demetr.) This was 17 years after his father, Antigonus, died. (Dexippus, Porphrie and Eusebius say:) Seleucus was ill spoken of in the world because of his death. Indeed, he repented often and blamed himself for being so jealous and suspicious of him. Antigonus, Demetrius' son, when he heard that the body of his father was on its way to him, put to sea with all the ships that he could find and met them around the isles. There he received the ashes of his body and placed them in a golden urn. He covered it with a scarlet vail and put a diadem or golden crown on it. He gave him a royal funeral and carried it along with him to Corinth first. Then he went to Demetrias, a city called after his father's name and populated by him with men taken from the smaller towns and villages of Iolcos in Thessalie.

2727. Seleucus had now gotten all that which Demetrius possessed in Syria and Asia. He made both those kingdoms one entire empire. (Euseb. Chron.) At that time the Jews paid him 300 talents yearly for their tribute. However they had no foreign ruler over them but were governed by their high priests and according to the customs of their country. (Sever. Sulpic. Sacr. Histor. l. 2.)

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2728. In this year, Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, surnamed Soter, died. He had made his son viceroy with him in the kingdom for almost 15 months according to the calendar of Dionysian. This was about 39 years and 4 months after the death of Alexander the Great. (Others say a full 40 years, but Clau. Ptol. in Reg. Can. says only 39 years.) He had lived a full 84 years. (Lucian, in Macrobils.) The countries and kingdoms which he held in his possession, are all listed by Theocritus the poet (Idyll. 17.). They were Egypt, Phoenicia, Arabia, Syria, Libya, Ethiopia, Pamphilia, Cilicia, Lycia, Caria and the isles of the Cyclades. The truth is that he is said to have allied himself with Seleucus against Demetrius upon the express conditions that the dominion of all Asia should go to Seleucus but Phoenicia and Coelosyria would be his. However, Seleucians deny this and say that Ptolemy entered into an alliance against Antigonus not to gain any thing by it for himself but to help Seleucus in the claim which he laid to Coelosyria. After the death of Antigonus, Cassander and Lysimachus gave Coelosyria to Seleucus. (Polyb. l. 5. p. 410.) Now there is no doubt that Phoenicia and Syria, as Theocritus also states, belonged at certain times to Ptolemy. After the death of Antigonus who had wrested them from Ptolemy, he subdued Syria again for himself. (Pausan. in Attic.) Yet we have already showed, that Tyre and Sidon were in the possession of Demetrius Poliorcetes. After his death, if not before, both those two places and all the rest of Syria were controlled by Seleucus.

2729. Josephus, (l. 12. c.2.) says that Ptolemy Philadelphus reigned for 39 years. It seems he counts from the time that he first reigned jointly with his father, for after his father's death, Clemens Alexandrinus says he reigned only 37 years, (Claud. Ptolemy, in Reg. Can. say 38.) and so do Porphrie, Eusebius and others. Whereas, according to my account he reigned after his father's death, 37 years and almost 8 months but in all 39 years less a month. Although the length of his reign is uncertain it is known for sure that he put to death his younger brother Argaeus because he was guilty of plotting his death. He executed another brother of his born by Euridice because he was found to be instigating a revolt in the isle of Cyprus. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 6.) By this he little deserved that generous name of "Philadelphus", that is, "a lover of his brethren". Theocritus in his 17th Idyllion says, that he had in his dominions 33,339 cities and is said to have been of so great power that he exceeded his father Ptolemy the First. Jerome confirms this from Histories, upon Da 11 and so does Appianus Alexandrinus, from the records of the kings of Egypt, in his preface to his History of the Romans. To further support this we may add, what Athenaeus, (l. 5. Deipnosoph. c. 5.) relates of his fleets and the incredible size of his ships.

2730. In the 47th year of the first period of Calippus, in the 8th day of the month Anthisterion, 465th year of Nabonassars' account, the 29th day of the month Athyr, 3 hours before midnight, at the end of the 29th day of our January according to the Julian calendar, Timochares observed at Alexandria that the 4th part of the moon covered the part of the Virgilia's, to a 3rd part or nearly half. (Ptolemy. l. 7. c. 3.)

2731. Lysimachus was now king of Thrace and Macedonia. He was persuaded by his wife Arsinoe, (by whom he had also children) to murder his oldest son Agathocles. He had intended him to be his successor in his kingdom and by him, Lysimachus had achieved so many glorious victories. Whether he was killed by poison or by the hand of Ptolemy Ceraunus, the brother to his wife Arsinoe, I do not know. (Strabo. l. 13. p. 623. Justin l. 17. c. 1. Pausan. in Attic. p. 9. Memnons Excerpt. c. 9.)

2732. Having killed his son, he did not hesitate to kill his nobles who lamented his son's death. Thereupon, they who escaped and the captains of his armies in all parts fled away to Seleucus. (Justin l. 17. c. 1.) The murders of his nobles made all the people abhor him. Whole cities defected from him to Seleucus. (Memnons Excerpt. c. 9.)

2733. Lysandra, the daughter of Ptolemy Soter and sister to Arsinoe defected to Seleucus along with her brothers and her children born to her through Agathocles. Alexander, another son of Lysimachus' other wife, Odryssias, fled also to Seleucus. All these came to Babylon and petitioned to Seleucus to make war on Lysimachus. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 9. with Appian in Syriac. p. 130.)

2734. At the same time also, Philetaerus a Paphlagonian and an eunuch who had had a good education in his youth was the keeper of all Lysimachus' treasure that was stored at Pergamus. He was grieved by the murder of Agathocles and by Arsinoe who daily accused him to Lysimachus. He seized the city of Pergamos, which stands on the river Caicus and then sent to Seleucus. He offered to Seleucus, himself and all the treasure which he had there under his charge that belonged to Lysimachus. He sided with the strongest and kept them in line with good promises and offices as occasions arose. He held the citadel there and principality of the place for 20 years. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 7, 9. Strabo l. 13. p. 623.) Appianus (in Syriac. p. 129.) calls him, "The Prince of Pergamos", but some old annals in Huber, Goltsis Thesauro. have him, "Regem". that is "King". For indeed this was the man that was the founder of that new principality in Pergamos. He was 60 years old according to Lucian in Mucrobiis.

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2735. In the 48th year of the first period of Calippus, on the 25th day of the month of Pyanepsion, 466th year of Nabonassar, the 7th day of the month Thoth, 3.5 hours before midnight, on the 9th day of our November, Timochares at Alexandria observed the conjunction of the moon with Spica Virginis, in its northern parts. (Ptolem. l. 7. c. 3.)

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2736. Antiochus, surnamed Soter, son of Seleucus Nicator fell in love with Stratonice, one of his father's wives whom his father had had a son. He was aware of the strength of his own desire and neither attempted anything on her nor disclosed anything of that which troubled him. He lay in bed and in that melancholy would have died. (This was discovered by Leptines, a mathematician, or as others say, Erasistratus, a physician, Aristotle's grandchild by a daughter of his, and a disciple of Chrysippus according to Pliny. (l. 29. c. 1.) That is by Chrysippuis a Cnidian and a physician. Likewise, as Laertius in the life of Chrysippus states. Although some others say he was a scholar under Theophrastus, as the same Laertius, in the life of Theophrastus toward its end. His followers went by the name of Erasistrataeans. Later Galen wrote a book of Phlebotomie, or "opening of a vein", that is still extant.) Erasistratus who was sitting by Antiochus, noticed that when Stratonice came, his colour always rose and his pulse beat high. When she went away, he grew pale and waned again and was short of breath and panted. He discovered what his problem was and told the matter to Seleucus. Thereupon he was content to part with her to his son although she was most dearly beloved to him. Seleucus called his army together and before them all married her to his son. Seleucus had at that time 72 provinces under him. He gave the greater part of them, that is the upper provinces which were all east of the Euphrates River to his son. He reserved only such countries as lay on the west between the Euphrates and Mediterranean Sea. (Appian. in Syriac. with Valer. Max. l. 5. c. 7. Plut. in Demet. Lucian. De Syria Dea. Galen. of foreknowing, and Julia in Misopogone.)