Volcanoes

[Shammu]

POPOCATEPETL

As of the 26th of September, the El Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres de la Secretaría de Gobernación (CENAPRED) has reported that in the last 24 hours the monitoring system of the Popocatepetl volcano again recorded 2 small exhalations, composed of steam and gas. During this morning steam and gas emissions have been observed.

Volcano Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 250-450 m deep crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since pre-columbian time.

The Current Colour Code for volcano Popocatepetl is YELLOW
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PACAYA

As of the 25th of September, the Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meterologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), after being translated from Spanish, reported that moderate fumaroles on the crater of white and blue colour, moving to low height to the south of the volcano. In the evening and night continues being observed the reflection of incandescente in the Mackenney crater. The lava flows continue moving to the south, fed by a same conduit located in the west of the base of the volcano.

Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex basaltic volcano constructed just outside the southern topographic rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlán caldera. A cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the southern caldera floor. The post-caldera Pacaya massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1100 years ago produced a debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. A subsidiary crater, Cerro Chino, was constructed on the NW somma rim and was last active in the 19th century. During the past several decades, activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent strombolian eruptions with intermittent lava flow extrusion that has partially filled in the caldera moat and armored the flanks of MacKenney cone, punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions that partially destroy the summit of the cone.

The Current Colour Code for Pacaya is at ORANGE
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FUEGO

As of the 25th of September, the Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meterologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), after being translated from Spanish, reported that since one has inquired in previous volcanological bulletins, the volcano with moderate and strong weak explosions, generated constant degassing sounds with periods of up to 20 minutes. Also with weak and moderate rumblings generating some shock waves, sensible in neighbourhoods of the volcano. The ash that it expels reached the 300, 600 and 900 metres on the crater, remaining in the atmosphere by lapses of 20 to 30 minutes, forming ash columns of 5 kilometres in length remaining in the atmosphere by lapses of 20 minutes.

Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. Collapse of the ancestral Meseta volcano about 8,500 years ago produced a massive debris avalanche that traveled about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango, the northern twin volcano of Fuego. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since 1524 and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in 1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

The Current Colour Code for Fuego is ORANGE

[Shammu]

SANTA MARIA

As of the 25th of September, the Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meterologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), after being translated from Spanish, reported that weak explosions and moderate, expelled gray ash to 300, 900 metres of height on the crater, dispersing to the southwest, with lapses of 20 minutes, depositing fine ash particles on mountains of Property Florida, Monte Claro with degassing sounds. There were lahars in the rivers, solely with water swellings.

The Current Colour Code for Santa Maria is ORANGE
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TUNGURAHUA

As of the 26th of September, the Instituto Geofisico (IG), after being translated from Spanish, reported that seismic activity of the volcano stays in a moderate-high level with tendency to diminish. The seismic activity stays similar with small variations in the amplitude and duration of the tremor, which is related as well to emissions with a greater ash content. One reported ash fall in Manzano, Pillate, Bilbao and Choglontus.

The seismic registery has registered a total of 15 events of long period (LP), 33 signals of tremor related to emissions and 5 explosions has been entered. Ash/Emissions/Brightness: During the night, with the registered tremor it is presumed that the emissions continued; in Bilbao they listened to roll blocks and from Pillate and Manzano was reported to have listened to 2 cannon shots, in addition ash fall in Choglontus, Manzano was reported, Pillate and Bilbao. During the morning the volcano remained cloudy and with rains from 0700hrs (local time). Clima/Rains/Lahars: Rains were registered from 0700hrs (local time) and to 1105hrs (local time) muddy water by the gorge descended from Motilones. From Pillate rain with ash was reported at 1632hrs (local time). Noises: Roars have not reported themselves. The listened to noises are related to the registered explosions.

The official colour of the volcanic alarm light remains on ORANGE
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RABAUL

As of the 20th of September, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) reported that RVO reported that white vapour plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 10-18 September. On 16, 18, and 19 September, occasional ash plumes rose to an altitude of 0.9 km (3,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W or NW. Slight ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town.

The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbour utilised by what was the island's largest city prior to a major eruption in 1994. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the east, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay and was formed about 1400 years ago. An earlier caldera-forming eruption about 7100 years ago is now considered to have originated from Tavui caldera, offshore to the north. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims of Rabaul. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city.

The volcano Rabaul is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 1

[Shammu]

KILAUEA

As of the 26th of September, it has been reported to INTLVRC direct from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), that the 7/21 eruption continued to supply a mostly-full lava channel that is now 1.5 km (0.95 miles) long. Two `a`a flows are active; one was slowly advancing along the southern margin and the other was fed from the end of the channel. Hazard Summary: There are no immediate threats directly from lava flows. Vent areas and lava channels are hazardous and conditions can change rapidly. Access to the 7/21 eruption site in the Kahauale`a Natural Area Reserve is closed. Lava flows advancing through vegetation are hazardous and can produce fire and methane explosions that propel chunks of lava and rock several feet into the air.

Last 24 hours at 7/21 eruption site: The vent continued to supply lava to an open channel 1.5 km (0.95 miles) long. Lava level was below the rim and there were no overflows. The webcam again showed three areas of activity outside the channel: a barely active seep on the north side of the channel, an `a`a flow that is fed directly and continued to advance to the east and northeast, and an `a`a flow fed by a seep on the south side of the channel that advanced slowly along the southern margin of previous flows.

Last 24 hours at Pu`u `O`o crater: The webcam showed lots of fume by day; no incandescence has been seen in the crater since 8/30. The tiltmeter on the north flank of Pu`u `O`o recorded deflation from a source to the southeast. Seismic tremor levels continued at low values.

Last 24 hours at Kilauea summit: Kilauea's summit tiltmeter network recorded slow deflation, although the signal is not coherent across the network. Seismic tremor levels continued at low values. A few earthquakes were located beneath the south flank.

The Kilauea volcano is currently at the ORANGE
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ARENAL

As of the 19th of September, the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica via the Global Vlocanism Network (GVN) reported that Arenal volcano continues to be mildly active. Over the past weeks, activity at crater C consisted of gas emissions, sporadic Strombolian eruptions, lava flows traveling down the SW and S flanks, and occasional avalanches from lava-flow fronts. Blocks from the lava-flow fronts periodically reached vegetation and started small fires. Acid rain and small amounts of ejected pyroclastic material affected the NE and SE flanks. Eruptions produced ash plumes that rose about 2.2 km (7,100 ft) a.s.l. Pyroclastic cones on the NE and SW flanks continued to grow. Small avalanches of volcanic material traveled down several ravines. Crater D showed only fumarolic activity.

The Arenal Volcano, in Spanish Volcán Arenal, is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica (10.5N, 84.7W), around 90 km north-west of San José, in the province of Alajuela. Recognised as a volcano since the 19th century, it was known by foreign investigators as "Volcan Costa Rica, Rio Frio", "Canastos" Volcano and "Cerro de los Guatusos". Arenal is the youngest and most active of all the mountains in Costa Rica. Scientists have been able to date it back to more than 4000 years ago. The area remained largely unexplored until 1937, when a documented expedition took place to reach the summit.

The Current Colour Code for Arenal is ORANGE
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As of the 24th of September, the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) informs that on Friday, 21 of September of 2007, began a seismic cluster in Apoyeque Volcano, located to about 8 kilometers to the Northwest of Managua in Nicaraugua. This activity has intensified and yestday, the 23rd of September, the seismic network has located 10 earthquakes with Richter magnitudes up to 2.8. In addition, tens of earthquakes smaller were registered than they are only detected in the located seismic station in the crater of the volcano. This activity can continue by several days and the occurrence of greater earthquakes with magnitudes from 4 to 5 does not discard.

For seismic clusters in the volcanic chain, the is characteristic is that the greater earthquake appears after an amount of smaller earthquakes. In addition they happen with several greater earthquakes with similar magnitudes. In the case of the calls for tectonic earthquakes, for example by the shock of plates in the Pacific Ocean, a strong earthquake happens, normally, at the beginning of the activity and later it follows a series to retorts with magnitudes very underneath the greater one.

Apoyeque volcano has not presented/displayed volcanic activity in historical times and at the present time it is not considered like imminent a volcanic danger. But, occasionally seismic clusters in the volcano and its environs are registered. In January of 2001, a very intense cluster with an earthquake greater than it had the magnitude 5.2 Richter and that it was strongly felt in Managua and Sandino City, without causing damages. INETER continues watching the seismic activity and will inform on any important event.

The Apoyeque volcanic complex occupies the broad Chiltepe Peninsula, which extends into south-central Lake Managua. The peninsula is part of the Chiltepe pyroclastic shield volcano, one of three large ignimbrite shields on the Nicaraguan volcanic front. A 2.8-km wide, 400-m-deep, lake-filled caldera whose floor lies near sea level truncates the low Apoyeque volcano, which rises only about 500 m above the lake shore. The caldera was the source of a thick mantle of dacitic pumice that blankets the surrounding area. The 2.5 x 3 km wide lake-filled Xiloá (Jiloá) maar, is located immediately SE of Apoyeque. The Talpetatl lava dome was constructed between Laguna Xiloá and Lake Managua. Pumiceous pyroclastic flows from Laguna Xiloá were erupted about 6100 years ago and overlie deposits of comparable age from the Masaya plinian eruption.

The colour code at Apoyeque is currently at YELLOW

[Shammu]

Mt. AUGUSTINE

As of the 26th of September, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has reported that shallow seismic activity at Augustine volcano continues. A cloud cap over the volcano has obscured the summit from satellite and web camera views. The earthquakes that have been occurring are small and shallow. However, some disruption of the summit dome may be occurring as a result of this activity and this could cause rock fall and rock avalanche events on the flanks of the volcano.

Mt. Augustine volcano, rising above Kamishak Bay in the southern Cook Inlet about 290 km SW of Anchorage, is the most active volcano of the eastern Aleutian arc. It consists of a complex of overlapping summit lava domes surrounded by an apron of volcaniclastic debris that descends to the sea on all sides. Few lava flows are exposed; the flanks consist mainly of debris-avalanche and pyroclastic-flow deposits formed by repeated collapse and regrowth of the volcano's summit. The latest episode of edifice collapse occurred during Augustine's largest historical eruption in 1883; subsequent dome growth has restored the volcano to a height comparable to that prior to 1883. The oldest dated volcanic rocks on Augustine are more than 40,000 years old. At least 11 large debris avalanches have reached the sea during the past 1800-2000 years, and five major pumiceous tephras have been erupted during this interval. Historical eruptions have typically consisted of explosive activity with emplacement of pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits followed by lava dome extrusion with associated block-and-ash flows.

The colour code at Mt. Augustine is currently at YELLOW
~~~~~~~~

TURRIALBA

As of the 20th of September, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) via the OVSICORI-UNA has reported that unrest at Turrialba volcano continues. Increased fumarolic activity had started in August 2006 and is concentrated mainly to the W of Turrialba's central crater. In a field report from 16 August, staff from OVSICORI-UNA reports that new points of gas discharge, small landslides, and accelerated vegetation die-off were noted from various locations within and around the crater. Fumaroles were active in almost all directions in the central crater; many exhibited sulfur deposits and those in the S, SE, and SW reached a temperature of 91 degrees C. Fumaroles at the bottom of the W crater reached 176 degrees C on 16 August. Small sulfur flows from a few of the fumaroles descended about 2 m from the emission point. Steam plumes from fumaroles on the W wall rose to an altitude of 3.8 km (12,500 ft) a.s.l. New fumaroles appeared on the SW flank and N and NW of the central crater. Some of the fumaroles corresponded to two widening cracks, to the SW and NW of the W crater. Vegetation affected from gas and steam discharge and sulfur deposits were noted. People living on the N flank and from areas to the NW and W reported constant gas emissions from cracks in an area of about 20 by 50 metres, NW of the W crater.

Turrialba, the easternmost of Costa Rica's Holocene volcanoes, is a large vegetated basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano located across a broad saddle NE of Irazú volcano overlooking the city of Cartago. The massive 3340-m-high Turrialba is exceeded in height only by Irazú, covers an area of 500 sq km, and is one of Costa Rica's most voluminous volcanoes. Three well-defined craters occur at the upper SW end of a broad 800 x 2200 m wide summit depression that is breached to the NE. Most activity at Turrialba originated from the summit vent complex, but two pyroclastic cones are located on the SW flank. Five major explosive eruptions have occurred at Turrialba during the past 3500 years. Turrialba has been quiescent since a series of explosive eruptions during the 19th century that were sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows. Fumarolic activity continues at the central and SW summit craters.

The colour code at Turrialba is currently at YELLOW
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GALERAS

As of the 25th of September, the Observatory Vulcanológico and Sismológico de Pasto (OVSP) has reported that the activity of the volcano stays in: Level III (Changes in the behaviour of the volcanic activity). From the permanent pursuit and analysis that the Vulcanológico Observatory of the INGEOMINAS makes in Grass, one stands out: It continues the registry of seismic events related to dynamics of the magmatic fluids and events hybrid (mixture of fractures and flowed), with small power level and that happen at superficial levels. During the last weeks a slight diminution in the occurrence as in the energy of seismic events is observed as much. In the previous week the Sulfur Dioxide (SO2 measurement, had a value of 780 Tonnes/day, with preferential dispersion of the gas column towards the northwest flank by action of winds. On day 22 of September from the 1739hrs, a pulse of spasmodic tremor was registered which was correlated with ash emission. The column reached an approximated height of 1100 m and by action of the wind it dispersed towards the north-northwest flank. Ash fall was observed in the high part of the volcano.

Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately west of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The dominantly andesitic Galeras volcanic complex has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Long-term extensive hydrothermal alteration has affected the volcano. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the west and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Major explosive eruptions since the mid Holocene have produced widespread tephra deposits and pyroclastic flows that swept all but the southern flanks. A central cone slightly lower than the caldera rim has been the site of numerous small-to-moderate historical eruptions since the time of the Spanish conquistadors.

The colour code at Galeras is currently at ALERT LEVEL III

[nChrist]

I was reading this thread and thinking about the POWER of GOD in nature. Mankind hasn't made any bombs that begin to compare. All of mankind will be humbled before GOD one day, but it will be too late for most of them. In making comparisons, let's make a big one:  physical death is nothing in comparison to eternal punishment for disobeying GOD and rejecting JESUS CHRIST as LORD and SAVIOUR.

A rainbow is a beautiful sign from GOD about HIS covenant with mankind that HE will never again destroy nearly all of mankind with a flood. Only Noah and a few others were spared. This speaks nothing about FIRE, and the Bible tells us that eternal FIRE will be the final punishment for disobeying GOD and rejecting JESUS CHRIST as LORD and SAVIOUR. Evil men will laugh about this, but it will be their final reality. They won't be laughing about it then.

If you are lost and reading on the forum, won't you consider accepting JESUS CHRIST as your LORD and SAVIOUR today!

[Soldier4Christ]

Volcano erupts in Red Sea – 9 people missing
Entire 2-mile-long island aglow with magma

Sanaa: At least eight Yemeni soldiers were killed in a volcanic eruption on an island off the the country's Red Sea Coast, a government official said on Monday.

The eruption occurred on Jazirt Mount Al Tair, an island about 140 km from Yemen.

A Defence Ministry official said the western part of the island had "collapsed" following the eruption. He said naval ships were searching the surrounding waters for nine missing Yemeni soldiers who were stationed on the island.

Yemen's Oil Minister Khaled Mahfoudh Bahah said several earthquakes felt on Sunday had triggered the eruption.

"Three earthquakes struck the island around 1127 GMT on Sunday, and were ranging between 4.3 and 4 on the Richter scale," Jamal Al Shalaan, head of the Yemeni Earthquake Centre told state news agency Saba.

President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who flew to nearby Hudaidah port late on Sunday to observe the situation, told the Yemeni navy to send rescue teams, Saba reported.

A Canadian frigate, HMCS Toronto, was conducting a search and rescue operation for the missing people at the request of the Yemen coast guard.

Navy spokesman Ken Allen told the Canadian Press news agency that lava was spewing hundreds of yards into the air, with volcanic ash also rising over 300 metres.

A Yemeni geologist said the volcano had previously erupted in the 19th and 18th centuries, and is regarded as one of the Red Sea's more recent volcanic islands, Saba said.

[nChrist]

Hello Pastor Roger,

Brother, I just saw a video of this volcano on Fox News. I'm almost sure this volcano would be considered tiny in comparison to others that could erupt around the world. Regardless, I'll have to say that the sight of this volcano was awesome. I know that people have lost their lives, so some will wonder why I say that volcanoes have unique beauty. I've seen many tornadoes fairly close, and I would have to say the same thing about them. They are almost like art, but they kill people. The same could be said about many beautiful and living things in nature (i.e. lion, shark, etc.). Regardless, all beauty is part of GOD'S CREATION.

By the way, there is more news expected about this specific volcano in Yemen in connection to other volcanoes in this general area of the earth that either are active now or expected to become active. Could much of the recent and increasing volcanic activity around the world be another sign of the end of this Age of Grace? YES! - it could be. If so, the frequency of natural disasters of many different kinds will continue to escalate.

[Soldier4Christ]

One volcano or earthquake does have the capability to set off a chain of events and I do believe that chain has been loosed. As you said I do believe that we will be seeing many more before long.

[Shammu]

RESTLESS VOLCANOES THAT MAY ERUPT

Mt. AUGUSTINE

As of the 2nd of October, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has reported that shallow, low-level seismic activity at Augustine volcano continues. Steam/clouds obscure the summit in web camera images. The earthquakes that have been occurring are small and shallow and could cause some disruption of the summit lava dome. As a result of this activity small rock fall and rock avalanche events could develop on the flanks of the volcano. AVO continues to monitor Augustine Volcano closely.

Mt. Augustine volcano, rising above Kamishak Bay in the southern Cook Inlet about 290 km SW of Anchorage, is the most active volcano of the eastern Aleutian arc. It consists of a complex of overlapping summit lava domes surrounded by an apron of volcaniclastic debris that descends to the sea on all sides. Few lava flows are exposed; the flanks consist mainly of debris-avalanche and pyroclastic-flow deposits formed by repeated collapse and regrowth of the volcano's summit. The latest episode of edifice collapse occurred during Augustine's largest historical eruption in 1883; subsequent dome growth has restored the volcano to a height comparable to that prior to 1883. The oldest dated volcanic rocks on Augustine are more than 40,000 years old. At least 11 large debris avalanches have reached the sea during the past 1800-2000 years, and five major pumiceous tephras have been erupted during this interval. Historical eruptions have typically consisted of explosive activity with emplacement of pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits followed by lava dome extrusion with associated block-and-ash flows.

The colour code at Mt. Augustine is currently at YELLOW
~~~~~~~~~

YELLOWSTONE CALDERA

As of the 2nd of October, the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), reported that during the month of September 2007, 54 earthquakes were located in the Yellowstone Region. The largest of these shocks was a magnitude 2.3 on September 10, 2007 at 1630hrs MDT, located about 13 miles north northwest of Madison Junction, Wyoming. No earthquakes were reported felt during September. Earthquake activity in the Yellowstone region is at relatively low background levels.

Ground Deformation Summary: Through September 2007, continuous GPS data show that most of the Yellowstone caldera continued moving upward at similar to slightly lower rates as the past year. The maximum measured ground uplift over the past 36 months is ~17 cm at the White Lake GPS station. The general uplift of the Yellowstone caldera is scientifically interesting and will continue to be monitored closely.

There is no classification for Yellowstone, scientist don't know when it may erupt.
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Current Eruptions Year 2007

JEBEL AL-TAIR

As of the 1st of October, The Global Volcanism Network (GVN) via various news sources has reported that a volcanic explosion rocked a tiny Yemeni island in the Red Sea, spewing lava and ash hundreds of feet into the air and forcing Yemeni authorities to evacuate a military base. NATO and Yemeni ships Monday were searching for eight missing soldiers.

The eruption Sunday evening caused a landslide that collapsed the western part of Jebel al-Tair island, the Yemeni news agency SABA reported. There were no immediate reports of deaths. The tiny oval island, about two miles wide, lacks a settled population but includes military installations used for naval control and observation because large cargo ships pass nearby. It was not clear how many people were stationed on the island, and SABA reported that Yemeni ships had evacuated all personnel and were searching for eight missing military personnel.

A NATO fleet passing nearby reported seeing a "catastrophic volcanic eruption" at 7 p.m. local time Sunday on the island, about 70 miles off the Yemeni coast, said Ken Allan, a Navy Public Affairs with the Canadian Armed Forces. "At this time, the entire island is aglow with lava and magma as it pours down into the sea." Allan said in an e-mail Sunday evening. "The lava is spewing hundreds of feet into the air, with the volcanic ash also (rising) a thousand feet in the air."

The NATO fleet was sailing toward the Suez Canal when it spotted the eruption. The government of Yemen asked NATO to assist in the search for survivors and the closet ship, the HMCS Toronto, was heading toward the island. The Canadian Armed Forces said they are trying to locate nine people believed to be at sea after the Yemen coast guard requested help. It is unclear why there was a discrepancy with the SABA report on the number of missing. Jabal al-Tair -- meaning "Bird Mountain" -- is one of a number of volcanos at the southern end of the Red Sea in the narrows betwen Yemen and Sudan. The island last saw an explosive eruption in 1883, according to the Washington-based Smithsonian Institute's Global Volcanism Program.

Over the past two weeks, the area around the island had seen light earthquakes between magnitude 2-3.6, with three larger ones Sunday afternoon reaching magnitude 4.3, the Yemen Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources said, according to SABA. Fishermen and other boats had been warned from approaching the area, it said. Yemen is a poor tribal Sunni Muslim country at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.

The basaltic Jebel al-Tair stratovolcano rises from a 1200 m depth in the south-central Red Sea, forming an oval-shaped island about 3 km long. Jebel at Tair is the northernmost known Holocene volcano in the Red Sea and lies SW of the Farisan Islands. Youthful basaltic pahoehoe lava flows from the steep-sided central vent, Jebel Duchan, cover most of the island. They drape a circular cliff cut by wave erosion of an older edifice and extend beyond it to form a flat coastal plain. Pyroclastic cones are located along the NW and southern coasts, and fumarolic activity occurs from two uneroded scoria cones at the summit. Radial fissures extend from the summit, some of which were the sources of lava flows. The island is of Holocene age, and explosive eruptions were reported in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Current Colour Code for Jebel al-Tair is currently at ORANGE

[Shammu]

Mt. RUAPEHU

As of the 2nd of October, the GeoNet Data Centre (CNDC) reported that a volcanic earthquake was recorded last Saturday night at 2305hrs. The earthquake lasted around 3 minutes and was significantly smaller than the one associated with Tuesday’s eruption. Similar to Tuesday, two periods of weak volcanic tremor of 5-10 minutes duration have followed the earthquake recorded last night. This is the first significant seismic activity to be recorded at Mt. Ruapehu since Tuesday’s eruption. GNS Science Duty Volcanologist, Craig Miller said that this type of activity has been expected following Tuesday’s eruption and that further activity could not be ruled out. The CNDC advises people to follow Department of Conservation guidelines for access to the mountain.

Also, an eruption of Ruapehu occurred at September 27 and it produced small lahars. Bombs were ejected and injured some people around. The explosive activity lasted a few minutes and after it only a low seismic activity was measured. The summit area is covered by ashfall and mud reaching to about 2 km from the Crater Lake. The summit area was also peppered by craters caused by large blocks ejected from the bottom of the lake. It was most likely an "blue sky" eruption like the events of 1969, 1975, 1988 and 2006. There ís still a possibility of more activities in the next days or weeks. The alert level remains at 2 (Minor eruptive activity) and will be re-assessed on a daily basis.

Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a complex stratovolcano constructed during at least 4 cone-building episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The 110 cu km dominantly andesitic volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and is surrounded by another 100 cu km ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit on the NW flank. A series of subplinian eruptions took place at Ruapehu between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but pyroclastic flows have been infrequent at Ruapehu. A single historically active vent, Crater Lake, is located in the broad summit region, but at least five other vents on the summit and flank have been active during the Holocene. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have occurred in historical time from the Crater Lake vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the crater lake may have formed as early as 3000 years ago. Lahars produced by phreatic eruptions from the summit crater lake are a hazard to a ski area on the upper flanks and to lower river valleys.

The Current Colour Code for Mt. Ruapehu is currently at ALERT LEVEL 2
~~~~~~~~

PAVLOF

As of the 2nd of October, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has reported that a pause in eruptive activity at Pavlof continues. Seismicity remains at low levels and has been relatively unchanged since about September 13. Mostly cloudy conditions obscure the volcano from satellite and web camera views today. AVO continues to monitor Pavlof Volcano closely.

If activity continues to increase, larger ash clouds that could affect higher-flying aircraft may be produced. The most immediate ground hazard in the vicinity of the volcano includes light ash fall on nearby communities. Previous historical eruptions from Pavlof caused only a few millimeters (about 1/10th of an inch) of ash to fall on King Cove, Nelson Lagoon, Cold Bay, and Sand Point. Mudflows in drainages from the flanks of the volcano, and lava flows and avalanching of hot debris on the upper reaches of the volcano are also of concern in the uninhabited areas around the volcano. Satellite and seismic data and eyewitness observations suggest most of the surface lava activity is occurring on the southeast sector of the steep-sided volcano; this suggests that the Pacific Ocean side of the volcano is at most risk from avalanching hot debris.

At this time, AVO expects this eruption to follow the pattern of previous eruptions. The last eruption of Pavlof began in September 1996 and consisted of a several-month-long series of ash explosions, lava-fountaining, and lava-flow production. Ash clouds reached as high as 30,000 ft asl on one occasion. However, most ash clouds were below 20,000 ft asl. Prior to 1996, Pavlof erupted in 1986 sending ash as high as 49,000 ft asl on at least one occasion.

The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a 2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavolf, is a smaller volcano on the SW flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically producing strombolian to vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption of Pavlof took place in 1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode; a fissure opened on the northern flank of the volcano, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.

The Current Colour Code for Pavlof is currently at ORANGE
~~~~~~~~~

Mt. CLEVELAND

As of the 2nd of October, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has reported that mostly conditions have obscured views of the Cleveland volcano by satellite. AVO continues to monitor the volcano closely with satellite imagery as weather allows. The lack of a real-time seismic network at Cleveland means that AVO is unable to track local earthquake activity related to volcanic unrest. Short-lived explosions of ash that could exceed 20,000 ft above sea level can occur without warning and may go undetected on satellite imagery.

The symmetrical Mt. Cleveland stratovolcano is situated at the western end of the uninhabited dumbbell-shaped Chuginadak Island in the east-central Aleutians. The 1,730-m-high stratovolcano is the highest of the Islands of Four Mountains group and is one of the most active in the Aleutians. Numerous large lava flows descend its flanks. It is possible that some 18th to 19th century eruptions attributed to Carlisle (a volcano located across the Carlisle Pass Strait to the NW) should be ascribed to Cleveland. In 1944 Cleveland produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian eruption. Recent eruptions from Mt. Cleveland have been characterised by short-lived explosive ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down the flanks.

The Current Colour Code for Cleveland is currently at YELLOW

[Shammu]

UBINAS

As of the 27th of September, INGEMMET reported that based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E on 12 and 20 September. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.

A small, 1.4-km-wide caldera cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, giving it a truncated appearance. Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Perú. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I volcano was followed by construction of Ubinas II volcano beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas about 3700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread plinian pumice-fall deposits from Ubinas include one of Holocene age about 1000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions.

The Current Colour Code for Ubinas is currently at ORANGE
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HUILA

As of the 2nd of October, with respect to the pursuit of the activity of the snow-covered volcano of the Huila, INGEOMINAS, Observatory Vulcanológico and Sismológico de Popayán, informed that on the 1st of October of 2007 at 1037hrs, local time, an earthquake of magnitude 2.4 on the Richter scale with epicentre was registered at 5.62 km from of the Central Tip of the made snow-white volcano of the Huila.

The first outstanding seismic event happened the 5 of September to the 2032hrs local time, with a magnitude of duration of 3.3, to a depth of 6.93 km and one distance of 7.2 km in direction S of the volcanic ediface; later, day 7 of September an earthquake at the 1100hrs ( local time) was registered, the magnitude of duration calculated for this event went of 2.92, to a depth of 21.18 km and one distance of 26.93 km to the NNE of the volcano. Of the previous thing it is emphasised that the volcanic complex presents/displays low levels of activity, although they are continued presenting/displaying excitations of the system.

Nevado del Huila, the highest active volcano in Colombia, is an elongated N-S-trending volcanic chain mantled by a glacier icecap. The 5365-m-high andesitic-dacitic volcano was constructed within a 10-km-wide caldera. Volcanism at Nevado del Huila has produced six volcanic cones whose ages in general migrated from south to north. The high point of the complex is Pico Central. Two glacier-free lava domes lie at the southern end of the Huila volcanic complex. The first historical eruption from this little known volcano was an explosive eruption in the mid-16th century. Two persistent steam columns rise from Pico Central, and hot springs are also present.

The Current Colour Code for Huila is currently at ORANGE
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CHIKURACHKI

As of the 28th of September, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported that the eruption of the volcano continues. Ash explosions up to 6 km (or 19,700 ft.) ASL are possible. The activity of the volcano could affect low-flying aircraft. According to visual data by observers, ash plume extended >250 km (155 mi) to the east from the volcano on September 19-20. According to satellite data, gas-steam plume containing ash extended >75 km (>47 mi) from the volcano to the east-south-east on September 21, clouds obscured the volcano on the other days. Chikurachki volcano is not monitored with seismic instruments. KVERT has satellite monitoring and receives occasional visual observations of this volcano.

Chikurachki, the highest volcano on Paramushir Island in the northern Kuriles, is actually a relatively small cone constructed on a high Pleistocene volcanic edifice. Oxidised basaltic-to-andesitic scoria deposits covering the upper part of the young cone give it a distinctive red colour. Frequent basaltic plinian eruptions have occurred from Chikurachki during the Holocene. Lava flows from 1816-m-high Chikurachki reached the sea and form capes on the NW coast; several young lava flows also emerge from beneath the scoria blanket on the eastern flank. The Tatarinov group of six volcanic centres is located immediately to the south of Chikurachki. In contrast to the frequently active Chikurachki, the Tatarinov volcanoes are extensively modified by erosion and have a more complex structure. Tephrochronology gives evidence of only one eruption in historical time from Tatarinov, although its southern cone contains a sulfur-encrusted crater with fumaroles that were active along the margin of a crater lake until 1959.

The Current Colour Code for Chikurachki is currently at ORANGE

[Shammu]

KARYMSKY

As of the 28th of September, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported that eruption of the volcano continues. Ash explosions up to 6 km (or 19,700 ft.) ASL are possible at any time. The activity of the volcano could affect low-flying aircraft in the vicinity of the volcano. Seismic activity was above background levels all week, many shallow volcanic earthquakes and a spasmodic volcanic tremor were registered at the volcano all days. According to seismic data, possibly ash explosions rose up to 3.5 km (11,500 ft) ASL on September 20, 22 and 24-26; and weak ash bursts occurred all week. According to data from AMC Yelizovo, ash plume raising up to 2.5-3.0 km (8,200-9,800 ft) ASL and extending to the north-east from the volcano was observed by pilots of AN-28 at 0455hrs UTC on September 21. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly was noted on September 20-21 and 24-26, clouds obscured the volcano on the other days. Ash plumes extended >450 km (>280 mi) to the east from the volcano on September 24-27.

Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately south of Karymsky volcano. The caldera enclosing Karymsky volcano formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater.

The Current Colour Code for Karymsky is currently at ORANGE
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BEZYMIANNY

As of the 28th of September, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported that activity of the volcano increased. Ash explosions up to 10 km (or 32,800 ft.) ASL are possible during next weeks. The activity of the volcano could affect international and low-flying aircraft. Growth of the lava dome continues. According to satellite data, an intensity of a thermal anomaly over the lava dome increased last several days. Seismic activity was above background levels on September 25 (series of shallow volcanic earthquakes were registered that a hot avalanche probably indicated), and did not exceed this level on the other days. According to visual data, a weak fumarolic activity was noted at the dome on September 21 and 24-26, clouds obscured the volcano on the other days. According to satellite data, a size of thermal anomaly over the lava dome a little increased this week. Ash plume >35 km (>22 mi) extended to the east was noted on September 25. All data indicate that probably a danger of a strong explosive eruption of the volcano increased.

Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny volcano had been considered extinct. The modern Bezymianny volcano, much smaller in size than its massive neighbours Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral volcano that was built between about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater.

The Current Colour Code for Bezymianny is currently at YELLOW
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SHEVELUCH

As of the 28th of September, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported that growth of the lava dome continues. Ash explosions up to 10 km (32,800 ft.) ASL could occur at any time. The activity of the volcano could affect international and low-flying aircraft. Seismic activity was above background levels. Many shallow volcanic earthquakes and an intermittent volcanic tremor were registered all week. According to seismic data, ash plumes up to 4.3 km (14,100 ft) ASL occurred at the volcano on September 20 and 25. There were hot avalanches all week. According to video data, gas-steam plumes raising up to 6.0 km (19,700 ft) ASL were noted on September 21, and 24-26. Clouds obscured the volcano on the other days. According to satellite data, a big thermal anomaly was noted all week. Ash plumes extended >60 km (37 mi) to the east from the volcano on September 24-25.

The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1300 cu km Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera.

The Current Colour Code for Sheveluch is currently at ORANGE

[Shammu]

SOUFRIERE HILLS

As of the 2nd of Ocotber, the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) has reported that measurable activity of the Soufrière Hills Volcano has remained low with no significant change over the last 72 hours. Whilst lava extrusion has ceased and the dome may not be actively growing, it remains as a large mass of partially molten lava capable of collapsing or exploding, although the likelihood of this decreases with time as no further lava extrusion occurs. The alert level remained at 4.

The complex, dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater breached widely to the east, was formed during an eruption about 4000 years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

The Current Colour Code for Soufriere Hills is currently at LEVEL 4
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Mt. St. HELENS

As of the 2nd of October, the Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) reported that growth of the new lava dome inside the crater of Mt. St. Helens continues, accompanied by low rates of seismicity, low emissions of steam and volcanic gases, and minor production of ash. During such eruptions, changes in the level of activity can occur over days to months. The eruption could intensify suddenly or with little warning and produce explosions that cause hazardous conditions within several miles of the crater and farther downwind. Small lahars could suddenly descend the Toutle River if triggered by heavy rain or by interaction of hot rocks with snow and ice. These lahars pose a negligible hazard below the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) but could pose a hazard along the river channel upstream.

Wind forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), coupled with eruption models, show that any ash clouds rising above the crater rim today would drift north-eastward.

A low cloud ceiling obscures the crater this morning. Seismicity and deformation levels are low and steady as lava extrusion continues. No significant changes have occurred in the last 24 hours.

Prior to 1980, Mt. St. Helens formed a conical, youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially filled by a lava dome. Mt. St. Helens was formed during nine eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the volcano produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed by early settlers.

The Current Colour Code for volcano Mt. St. Helens remains at ORANGE
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POPOCATEPETL

As of the 2nd of October, the El Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres de la Secretaría de Gobernación (CENAPRED) has reported that reported were 2 exhalations accompanied by steam and gas emissions. At the moment of this report the volcano cannot be seen due to dense clouds.

Volcano Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 250-450 m deep crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since pre-columbian time.

The Current Colour Code for volcano Popocatepetl is YELLOW

[Shammu]

TUNGURAHUA

As of the 2nd of October, the Instituto Geofisico (IG), after being translated from Spanish, reported that of a way similar to the observed phenomena in the last week, the activity of the volcano stays in a moderate-high level with tendency to the reduction. Seismic it is characterised by the generation of events related to the mobilisation of flowed (LPs and tremor of emission) that in some cases produces columns of emission with moderate ash content. Additionally sporadic explosions are registered that by their characteristics are considered as small. Reports of slight ash fall have been received in the zone of Pillate, Cotaló and Bilbao.

The official colour of the volcanic alarm light remains on ORANGE
~~~~~~~~~

RABAUL

As of the 27th of September, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) reported that RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW on 20 September. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Rabaul Town. White vapour plumes containing a small amount of ash were emitted during 20-24 September. On 25 September, ash plumes rose to an altitude less than 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Roaring noises were heard. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Namanula Hill.

The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbour utilised by what was the island's largest city prior to a major eruption in 1994. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the east, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay and was formed about 1400 years ago. An earlier caldera-forming eruption about 7100 years ago is now considered to have originated from Tavui caldera, offshore to the north. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims of Rabaul. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city.

The volcano Rabaul is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 1
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KILAUEA

As of the 2nd of October, it has been reported to INTLVRC direct from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), that the 7/21 eruption continued to supply an open lava channel that probably continued to directly or indirectly feed three `a`a flows. The webcam has been blocked by wet weather with only a few glimpses that confirmed the continued activity of the channel but flow activity could not be seen. It is unlikely that any flows have advanced very far since HVO's overflight Sunday morning. Hazard Summary: There are no immediate threats directly from lava flows. Vent areas and lava channels are hazardous and conditions can change rapidly. Access to the 7/21 eruption site in the Kahauale`a Natural Area Reserve is closed. Lava flows advancing through vegetation are hazardous and can produce fire and methane explosions that propel chunks of lava and rock several feet into the air.

Last 24 hours at 7/21 eruption site: The webcam was again blocked by weather and only allowed a few hours view of the flow field. In that time, it appears that no significant changes have occurred since our overflight Sunday morning. The channel is still fed from the fissure D vent and wisps of smoke still float up from the nearest kipuka to the east into which a small `a`a front advanced. No incandescence could be seen along either the northern or southern margins of the flow field because of the inclement weather. An overflight is planned for Tuesday.

Last 24 hours at Pu`u `O`o crater: Only fume and darkness were viewable in the crater. The tiltmeter on the north flank of Pu`u `O`o recorded deflation from the usual source to the southeast. Seismic tremor levels continued at low values.

Last 24 hours at Kilauea summit: Kilauea's summit tiltmeter network recorded slow deflation strongly influenced by rain. Since 7/21, the GPS receiver network showed continued extension across the caldera consistent with deflation. Seismic tremor levels continued at low values. A few small earthquakes were located beneath Halema`uma`u crater and the south flank.

The Kilauea volcano is currently at the ORANGE

[Shammu]

ARENAL

As of the 1st of October, the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica via the Global Vlocanism Network (GVN) reported that there have been observations of pyroclastic flows that traveled W of Arenal on September 18. Also ash was produced and avalanches have been reported.

The Arenal Volcano, in Spanish Volcán Arenal, is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica (10.5N, 84.7W), around 90 km north-west of San José, in the province of Alajuela. Recognised as a volcano since the 19th century, it was known by foreign investigators as "Volcan Costa Rica, Rio Frio", "Canastos" Volcano and "Cerro de los Guatusos". Arenal is the youngest and most active of all the mountains in Costa Rica. Scientists have been able to date it back to more than 4000 years ago. The area remained largely unexplored until 1937, when a documented expedition took place to reach the summit.

The Current Colour Code for Arenal is ORANGE
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YASUR

As of the 1st of October, mainly from reports from colleague, John Seach of Australia, he reports that Yasur volcano, in southern Vanuatu continues to be one of the world's most active volcanoes. The volcano has erupted many times per hour for at least 800 years. Yasur has been called the "Lighthouse of the Pacific" because of the regular Strombolian eruptions visible from sea. Warning: Approaching the active crater at Yasur volcano is dangerous at any time! Observers are at risk from projectiles, toxic gas and avalanches.

Projectile ejection Yasur volcano has not produced a large destructive eruption historically. There is no indication that a large eruption will occur in the near future at Yasur volcano. Magma chamber inflation is currently being accommodated by the volcano. The largest reasonable level of activity expected is the ejection of bombs 3-4 km from the vent, and pyroclastic flows threatening low lying areas near the volcano. This type of activity would pose a danger to nearby villages. Ground deformation Yasur volcano has the second greatest level of ground uplift in the world. Since 1000 AD there has been a yearly average uplift of 149 mm. This is only beaten by Iwo Jima volcano in Japan with 200 mm uplift per year since 1200 AD. Tsunami Volcanic and tectonic earthquakes, and landslides may result in the production of tsunamis which may threaten coastal populations. Flooding Lake Siwi broke through its natural dam in 2002 flooding Sulphur Bay Village and destroying houses. Landslides Landslide and debris flow pose significant risks to the surrounding population. Uplift of the caldera creates unstable ground, combined with the deposition of unstable ash and cinders. Ashfall Periods of strong volcanic activity may cause ashfall over large areas of Tanna Island. Ashfall can damage crops, cause roofs to collapse, and result in mudflows after rain. Gas Gas samples collected from the plume crossing Yasur crater rim in 1988 contained SO2 and HCl gases at concentrations between 3 and 9 ppm. This is a hazardous level of gas. This level of SO2 causes a decrease in lung function and immediate irritation of eyes nose and throat. Lava Flow Lava flows occur infrequently at Yasur volcano.

Yasur, the best-known and most frequently visited of the Vanuatu volcanoes, has been in more-or-less continuous strombolian and vulcanian activity since Captain Cook observed ash eruptions in 1774. Yasur, located at the SE tip of Tanna Island, is a mostly unvegetated 361-m-high pyroclastic cone with a nearly circular, 400-m-wide summit crater. Yasur is largely contained within the small Yenkahe caldera and is the youngest of a group of Holocene volcanic centres constructed over the down-dropped NE flank of the Pleistocene Tukosmeru volcano. Active tectonism along the Yenkahe horst accompanying eruptions of Yasur has raised Port Resolution harbour more than 20 m during the past century.

The Current Colour Code for Yasur is ALERT LEVEL 3
~~~~~~~~

STROMBOLI

As of the 1st of October, the Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania has reported that the Strombolian activity still continues since the depression located on the side East of the Southern crater East. Projections at the time of the most important explosions reach a score of metres height and its always accompanied by emissions by black ashes.

Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli volcano have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean." Stromboli, the NE-most of the Aeolian Islands, has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterised its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small, 924-m-high island of Stromboli is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period from about 13,000 to 5000 years ago was followed by formation of the modern Stromboli edifice. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent horseshoe-shaped scarp formed about 5000 years ago as a result of the most recent of a series of slope failures that extend to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded at Stromboli for more than a millennium.

The Current Colour Code for Stromboli is ORANGE