Global Warming

[Soldier4Christ]

Yep, the global warming theory is the same as the evolution theory. They both are falling flat on their face with, not only no substantive scientific basis but in fact evidence that proves quite the opposite.

It has been proven that CO2 is a necessary element in the atmosphere and the more the better. Global warming alarmists have come up with a CO2 scrubber that will remove this necessary element. If they succeed in implementing this scrubber the only thing they will accomplish is to harm the environment, killing off more plants than they can hope to save and making the agriculture industry collapse starving millions of people. Of course this wouldn't be a first for environmentalists they have caused more problems than they have fixes and all in the name of "saving the planet".

[nChrist]

THANKS FOR THE FASCINATING ARTICLES!

As Christians, our views of everything should be through the Bible. GOD said there would be seasons and times of harvest until HE changed the times. GOD will change the times in the Tribulation Period, so I have what I need to know.

Al Gore has proven NOTHING except that he would make a good used car salesman. There is no perspective of common sense - JUST MONEY! Example: Solar activity and changes of solar activity of the SUN are avoided topics by the global warming nuts. Why IS THIS TRUE? If one used common sense on warming or cooling, wouldn't you look for explanations from the SUN first? YES - common sense would dictate this! Scientists could have and should have done this first, but they didn't! They could even have avoided using the PRECIOUS AND HOLY NAME OF GOD, and their answers would have still involved some common sense!

Regardless, Christians already have the answers, and we don't need 50 billion dollars to study this problem. We wouldn't divert money away from starving people and those desperate for medical attention or other necessities of life. 50 billion dollars is a drop in the bucket compared to future plans by Al Gore and his international GANG of con men. These plans literally WILL cause many people to die, and these plans are CRIMINAL! We are STILL supposed to be feeding, clothing, sheltering, caring, and loving those who are without. Al Gore and people like him want to remove our ability to handle REAL NEEDS. GOD will handle the seasons and times for harvest, and we should handle our part. Al Gore and his cronies need to find a different con game, one that won't hurt and kill many millions of innocent people.

Love In Christ,
Tom

Christian Quotes 189 -
The choicest of the Gospel's crown jewels!
"My Father!" That is the choicest of the Gospel's
crown jewels!
 -- John MacDuff  1895

[Soldier4Christ]

CFL's which have dubbed as Gorebulbs because of his push to inact legislation that replaced incandescent's with the CFL's are about to be replaced already by a much better lighting system. This is a good thing because the CFL's are actually a dangerous thing. They contain mercury and the inherint characteristic of the bulb to flicker causes problems for many people.

The LED light bulb has been out for some time now but it costs of $20 to $40 per bulb has put it out of reach of most consumers even though the long range savings were worth the initial cost. LED light bulbs have a life span of 100,000 hours (approx 10 to 15 yrs on avg) compared to the supposed 10,000 hours of CFL's (most of the CFL's I've had don't last that long). Some other benefits over the CFL:

Solid-State, Fast Turn On, No Power Surge
High Shock / Vibration Resistant Major Power Savings
Major Reduction in Heat Generation
Use Approx 1/6 Of CFL's In Energy
Better Lighting For Indoor Plants


Now for the good news just now breaking on LED bulbs:

Big LED Breakthrough at Purdue University Could Change the World

Better, Cheaper LEDs
The incandescent lightbulb that wastes 90% of the electricity as heat is dying, we all know that. But a new breakthrough in solid state lighting might also kill compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFLs) faster than some expected. Scientists at Purdue University have figured out how to manufacture LED solid-state lights on regular metal-coated silicon wafers (more details below). What this means is: much lower costs.

10% Reduction in Total Electricity Use
And since about 1/3 of U.S. electricity is used to produce light, this is major. "If you replaced existing lighting with solid-state lighting, following some reasonable estimates for the penetration of that technology based on economics and other factors, it could reduce the amount of energy we consume for lighting by about one-third. That represents a 10 percent reduction of electricity consumption and a comparable reduction of related carbon emissions," said Timothy D. Sands, professor of Materials Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering states at Purdue.

Old LEDs vs. New LEDs
What makes traditional LEDs so expensive is that the light-emitting layer of an LED light is a gallium nitride crystal and it needs to be treated in various ways with expensive materials.

Dailytech:

    In sapphire based LEDs, used for green or blue lighting, mirror-like reflectors are need to reflect and resend emitted light, increasing the efficiency. Typically, this layer is extremely expensive to produce, part of the reason the current generation of LED lighting costs so much, costing at least 20 times more than conventional incandescent and fluorescent bulbs. Also, the LEDs are built on sapphire crystals, which provide the color, but are extremely expensive.

But the new LEDs can be made using standard silicon wafers and already existing, less expensive, processes. This would make them competitive with incandescent and CFLs.

    The new techniques yield a crystalline structure aligned to the crystalline silicon. This means that the LEDs are less prone to defects and will perform more efficiently [...] silicon dissipates heat more effectively than sapphires. This will reduce damage during operation and lead to longer lifetimes and more reliability..

We might soon have to get used to changing lightbulbs every other decade or so.

LEDs that are currently available convert electricity to light with an efficiency of 47 to 64%. It is predicted that LED produced with Purdue's process would have an efficiency in the high-end of that range, compared to about 10% for incandescent.

[nChrist]

There are also some dramatic things developing in solar photovoltic cells that probably use a like silicon substance. They are now able to make it in thin and flexible material strong enough and tough enough to use on roofs. The exciting thing is the reduction of costs. Older cells used to cost about $12 a watt, so the payback for electricity produced took a long time. It just wasn't something that average people could afford. The new cells are much more efficient and cost the consumer just over $1 a watt. Average people can afford this, and payback for the electricity produced would be quick enough to make this a wise investment. In fact, these new solar cells would be putting money back in the pockets of consumers pretty quickly. There are also new and highly efficient wind generators about to hit the market. They are small and shaped like a drum, so they are NOT the huge monstrosities we see in wind farms. A combination of wind and solar would take care of the electricity needs for most average people. Backup would be batteries AND the electric company. By the way, most states have laws that require the electric company to buy any excess electricity generated by consumers. However, Christians might not be here that much longer, so we might not get our investment back.

[Soldier4Christ]

Those solar cells combined with the LED's would really be a savings. It wouldn't take much to light up those LED's.

However, Christians might not be here that much longer, so we might not get our investment back.

That would still be a very big return on investment. 

[Soldier4Christ]

As if we didn’t know: SIDC issues “all quiet alert” for the sun

START OF ALL QUIET ALERT ………………….. The SIDC - RWC
Belgium expects quiet Space Weather conditions for the next 48 hours or until further notice. This implies that: * the solar X-ray output is expected to remain below C-class level, * the K_p index is expected to remain below 5, * the high-energy proton fluxes are expected to remain below the event threshold.

What does all of this scientific jargon mean? It means that the sun is not putting out very high magnetic waves that interfere with radio waves. It also means that the sun is not putting out a whole lot of high heat that is effecting the earth's temps. I realize that we are experiencing some high temps across the U.S. right now but even though it is "breaking" some supposed records the temperatures are not uncommonly high for this time of year. One of the "things" that are contributing to the higher recorded temperatures are the locations of the weather recorded stations. Weather recording stations are classified according to their location. The more variables such as blacktop, concrete and heat generating items such as jet engines or factories near the stations the higher the CRN number that it is given. CRN1 or CRN2 are the better stations considered more accurate. Most of the stations now found are rated at CRN5 or worse. CRN1/2 stations are almost non-existent.

This means that temps recorded are inaccurate and in most cases given at higher rates than the actual temperatures. The local weather recording station here is located at the biggest airport in central Illinois and is within the range that jet engine exhaust hits it. It is also located in the middle of a big blacktop pad and less than 2 foot above that pad. When the airport extended a few years back they didn't change the location of the weather station and it got surrounded by high heat generators. If you have you ever tried to walk barefoot on blacktop in the middle of a sunny summer day you know that blacktop is hotter than the surrounding area.

I have a CRN2 station in my yard. The "official" temperature for this area is usually given at 5 degrees or more higher than my station records it. Currently today the "official" temperature is 95 deg F. My station is recording 89F. A big difference when it comes to figuring averages. Before the airport extension my station was usually 1 or 2 degrees higher than the "official" temperature. The official station was rated CRN1 and hasn't had that rating changed since then even though it has changed. Therefore no anomaly adjustments are given for it.

A a former television meteorologist who spent 25 years on the air and who also operates a weather technology and content business, as well as continues daily forecasting on radio. Anthony has a web site also called "Watts Up With That?" A group of volunteers he has organized has surveyed approximately 600 stations in the mid-west out of about 1221 of the USHCN climate network stations ("official" stations). It has been found that the majority of the CRN1/2 rated stations are in fact not CRN1/2. In fact the number of CRN1/2 stations are being reduced daily.

Solar Cycle 24 did a jump start in Jan this year. It was originally expected to start in Mar 2007. The jump start in Jan lasted two days and then disappeared. The official call right now is that we are not in solar cycle 24. The activity of the sun has been extremely low since this time and it is unknown, of course, when that will change. This means abnormally low temperatures on earth in the coming months perhaps years as earth temps lag behind the change in the sun due to the amount of time it takes to reach earth.

We see the sun mentioned 11 times just in the book of Revelations alone. It will have a major part of things that will happen on earth during the end times. We have the promise of God though that, as His children, we will not suffer from the heat of the sun and God does not lie.

[Shammu]

Meltdown in the Arctic is speeding up
Scientists warn that the North Pole could be free of ice in just five years' time instead of 60

    * Robin McKie, science editor
    * The Observer,
    * Sunday August 10 2008
    * Article history

Ice at the North Pole melted at an unprecedented rate last week, with leading scientists warning that the Arctic could be ice-free in summer by 2013.

Satellite images show that ice caps started to disintegrate dramatically several days ago as storms over Alaska's Beaufort Sea began sucking streams of warm air into the Arctic.

As a result, scientists say that the disappearance of sea ice at the North Pole could exceed last year's record loss. More than a million square kilometres melted over the summer of 2007 as global warming tightened its grip on the Arctic. But such destruction could now be matched, or even topped, this year.

'It is a neck-and-neck race between 2007 and this year over the issue of ice loss,' said Mark Serreze, of the US National Snow and Ice Data Centre in Boulder, Colorado. 'We thought Arctic ice cover might recover after last year's unprecedented melting - and indeed the picture didn't look too bad last month. Cover was significantly below normal, but at least it was up on last year.

'But the Beaufort Sea storms triggered steep ice losses and it now looks as if it will be a very close call indeed whether 2007 or 2008 is the worst year on record for ice cover over the Arctic. We will only find out when the cover reaches its minimum in mid-September.'

This startling loss of Arctic sea ice has major meteorological, environmental and ecological implications. The region acts like a giant refrigerator that has a strong effect on the northern hemisphere's meteorology. Without its cooling influence, weather patterns will be badly disrupted, including storms set to sweep over Britain.

At the same time, creatures such as polar bears and seals - which use sea ice for hunting and resting - face major threats. Similarly, coastlines will no longer be insulated by ice from wave damage and will suffer erosion, as is already happening in Alaska.

Other environmental changes are likely to follow. Without sea ice to bolster them, land ice - including glaciers - could topple into the ocean and raise global sea levels, threatening many low-lying areas, including Bangladesh and scores of Pacific islands. In addition, the disappearance of reflective ice over the Arctic means that solar radiation would no longer be bounced back into space, thus heating the planet even further.

On top of these issues, there are fears that water released by the melting caps will disrupt the Gulf Stream, while an ice-free Arctic in summer offers new opportunities for oil and gas drilling there - and for political disputes over territorial rights.

What really unsettles scientists, however, is their inability to forecast precisely what is happening in the Arctic, the part of the world most vulnerable to the effects of global warming. 'When we did the first climate change computer models, we thought the Arctic's summer ice cover would last until around 2070,' said Professor Peter Wadhams of Cambridge University. 'It is now clear we did not understand how thin the ice cap had already become - for Arctic ice cover has since been disappearing at ever increasing rates. Every few years we have to revise our estimates downwards. Now the most detailed computer models suggest the Arctic's summer ice is going to last for only a few more years - and given what we have seen happen last week, I think they are probably correct.'

The most important of these computer studies of ice cover was carried out a few months ago by Professor Wieslaw Maslowski of the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Using US navy supercomputers, his team produced a forecast which indicated that by 2013 there will be no ice in the Arctic - other than a few outcrops on islands near Greenland and Canada - between mid-July and mid-September.

'It does not really matter whether 2007 or 2008 is the worst year on record for Arctic ice,' Maslowski said. 'The crucial point is that ice is clearly not building up enough over winter to restore cover and that when you combine current estimates of ice thickness with the extent of the ice cap, you get a very clear indication that the Arctic is going to be ice-free in summer in five years. And when that happens, there will be consequences.'

This point was backed by Serreze. 'The trouble is that sea ice is now disappearing from the Arctic faster than our ability to develop new computer models and to understand what is happening there. We always knew it would be the first region on Earth to feel the impact of climate change, but not at anything like this speed. What is happening now indicates that global warming is occurring far earlier than any of us expected.'

Meltdown in the Arctic is speeding up

[Shammu]

When are these global warming dummies going to learn?? Global warming is a hoax, thank you Al Gore. How much money have you made off this farce??

One thing the global warming dummies may not know. God has used the weather in the past, to get peoples attention.

[Soldier4Christ]

Chicago: Fewest 90-degree days since 1930
Summer heat continues in short supply over midsection of U.S.

August is the wettest and often the muggiest month of the year. Yet, summer heat continues in short supply, continuing a trend that has dominated much of the 21st Century's opening decade. There have been only 162 days 90 degrees or warmer at Midway Airport over the period from 2000 to 2008. That's by far the fewest 90-degree temperatures in the opening nine years of any decade on record here since 1930.

This summer's highest reading to date has been just 91 degrees. That's unusual. Since 1928, only one year—2000—has failed to record a higher warm-season temperature by Aug. 13.

[Shammu]

Brother, I think Phoenix, has had a cooler July, then in many previous years. In fact there was about 1 week, Phoenix never made it to 100 degrees.

[Soldier4Christ]

DOHERTY: NEW SCIENTIFIC DATA JUSTIFIES REPEALING GLOBAL WARMING RESPONSE ACT

URGES STATE TO HOLD OFF ON DAMAGING NEW REGULATIONS AS CLIMATE CHANGE THEORIES CLASH

Responding to various new scientific reports questioning the concept of global warming, Assemblyman Michael Doherty today called on Governor Corzine to hold off on proposing any new regulations associated with the state’s Global Warming Response Act and urged the Legislature to repeal that act when it returns to legislative business after Labor Day.

“There are many credible members of the scientific community who have questioned the theory of global warming, and now we have some scientists actually suggesting the earth’s temperatures may be entering a period of dramatic cooling,” said Doherty, R-Warren and Hunterdon. “With this growing level of scientific uncertainty, it makes no sense to enact a new set of economically damaging regulations prompted by the global warming hysteria of recent years.”

The Global Warming Response Act was signed last year by Corzine, which requires the state to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 20 percent by 2020 and 80 percent by 2050. The law required the state Department of Environmental Protection to release a report detailing how the state would meet the goals, with recommendations now expected to be issued this fall.

According to recent news reports, a top observatory that has been measuring sun spot activity predicts that global temperatures will drop by two degrees over the next 20 years as solar activity slows and the planet drastically cools down. They suggest this could potentially herald the onset of a new ice age. Following the end of the sun’s most active period in over 11,000 years, the last 10 years have displayed a clear cooling trend as temperatures post-1998 leveled out and are now decreasing.

Earlier this year, John Coleman, the founder of The Weather Channel, stated that manmade global warming is “the greatest scam in history,” adding, “I am amazed, appalled and highly offended by it. Global Warming; It is a scam.” Coleman said the theory of global warming is based on fraudulent science.

“New Jersey’s tax and regulatory climate is already chasing jobs from this state left and right and these new regulations will make matters worse,” Doherty said. “Rather than conforming our policies to questionable scientific theories, we should be looking at the concrete economic indicators that show our state’s economy is in trouble. And we should be taking steps to help people who are losing jobs and being forced out of their homes by this state’s anti-economic growth agenda – not making matters worse.”

[HisDaughter]

“There are many credible members of the scientific community who have questioned the theory of global warming, and now we have some scientists actually suggesting the earth’s temperatures may be entering a period of dramatic cooling,” said Doherty, R-Warren and Hunterdon. “With this growing level of scientific uncertainty, it makes no sense to enact a new set of economically damaging regulations prompted by the global warming hysteria of recent years.”


Earlier this year, John Coleman, the founder of The Weather Channel, stated that manmade global warming is “the greatest scam in history,” adding, “I am amazed, appalled and highly offended by it. Global Warming; It is a scam.” Coleman said the theory of global warming is based on fraudulent science.

“New Jersey’s tax and regulatory climate is already chasing jobs from this state left and right and these new regulations will make matters worse,” Doherty said. “Rather than conforming our policies to questionable scientific theories, we should be looking at the concrete economic indicators that show our state’s economy is in trouble. And we should be taking steps to help people who are losing jobs and being forced out of their homes by this state’s anti-economic growth agenda – not making matters worse.”

Thank you Mr. Doherty!

[nChrist]

According to recent news reports, a top observatory that has been measuring sun spot activity predicts that global temperatures will drop by two degrees over the next 20 years as solar activity slows and the planet drastically cools down. They suggest this could potentially herald the onset of a new ice age. Following the end of the sun’s most active period in over 11,000 years, the last 10 years have displayed a clear cooling trend as temperatures post-1998 leveled out and are now decreasing.

WOW! - What a novel approach! Someone actually decided to look at increasing or decreasing activity on the SUN and what effect the SUN might have on temperatures on earth. TAKE THIS ONE TO THE BANK! THE SUN OBVIOUSLY IMPACTS TEMPERATURES ON THE EARTH IN A DIRECT AND DRAMATIC WAY!

Could all of this HOOPLA over global warming boil down to something so simple and nothing but common sense? YES! Is everything else a SCAM and CON GAME? YES! Does mankind have any control over increased or decreased SOLAR ACTIVITY ON THE SUN? MOST OBVIOUSLY NO! So, are folks like Al Gore LYING TO US? MOST OBVIOUSLY YES! So, why are they LYING TO US? FRAUD - TO TAKE OUR MONEY UNDER FALSE PRETENSES! Do you mean that Al Gore and folks like him are getting rich with THIS SCAM AND CON GAME? YES - THEY ARE GETTING STINKING RICH! Are average and poor people being hurt by this CRIMINAL CON GAME? YES - many will suffer and even DIE BECAUSE OF THIS CON GAME!

We need to file CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY CHARGES AGAINST AL GORE AND HIS GANG, and it should be prosecuted under the provisions of the RICCO ACT so that the fruits of the CRIME can be taken back! The RICCO ACT was passed to deal with ORGANIZED CRIME, AND AL GORE'S CON GAME IS ORGANIZED CRIME!

[Soldier4Christ]

Another frost advisory before Labor Day

More anecdotal colder than normal weather keeps piling up. This time it’s in Southern Oregon and Northeastern California. Clearly we are having some far earlier than normal frosts and freezes in the USA, and the situation seems to be mirrored in colder than normal weather in parts of UK and Europe as well.

Note that this frost advisory has no connection to the weather pattern that caused frost and freeze in Minnesota and Wisconsin on the night of 24 Aug 2008, it is a different frontal system.

NORTHEAST SISKIYOU AND NORTHWEST MODOC COUNTIES-KLAMATH BASIN-
NORTHERN AND EASTERN KLAMATH COUNTY AND WESTERN LAKE COUNTY-
CENTRAL AND EASTERN LAKE COUNTY-
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF…TULELAKE…DORRIS…ALTAMONT…
KLAMATH FALLS…BEATTY…BLY…CHEMULT…CRESCENT…GILCHRIST…
SPRAGUE RIVER…LAKEVIEW
238 PM PDT MON AUG 25 2008

…FROST ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 2 AM TO 9 AM PDT
   TUESDAY…

CLEARING SKIES BEHIND A COLD FRONT WILL ALLOW TEMPERATURES TO
DROP INTO THE 30S IN MANY AREAS EAST OF THE CASCADES TONIGHT. SOME
ISOLATED LOCATIONS WILL DROP BELOW FREEZING.

A FROST ADVISORY MEANS THAT FROST IS POSSIBLE. SENSITIVE OUTDOOR
PLANTS MAY BE KILLED IF LEFT UNCOVERED.

Fall colors are already in motion.Areas that don't see color change in tree's leaves until October are already seeing them. Some "experts" are claiming it is because of "drought" yet these areas have had normal to above normal amounts of rain. One of the areas reporting fall colors have begun is in New Hampshire where the tourist industry has suffered because of the cooler, wetter weather they have had in late July, early August. Pennsylvania is another area that is experiencing early fall colors and it is here that it is claimed to be due to drought yet the drought in the area was over as of Jan 2008. The remainder of 2008 has had normal to above amounts of rainfall. Plenty enough for the trees to have fully recovered from the drought conditions and so the drought would not be considered a cause of the early color change. The area has experienced cooler temperatures than normal for July and August.

[Soldier4Christ]

Sun makes history: 1st spotless month in century
Drop in solar activity has potential effect for climate on Earth

The sun has reached a milestone not seen for nearly 100 years: an entire month has passed without a single visible sunspot being noted.

The event is significant as many climatologists now believe solar magnetic activity – which determines the number of sunspots -- is an influencing factor for climate on earth.

According to data from Mount Wilson Observatory, UCLA, more than an entire month has passed without a spot. The last time such an event occurred was June of 1913. Sunspot data has been collected since 1749.

When the sun is active, it's not uncommon to see sunspot numbers of 100 or more in a single month.  Every 11 years, activity slows, and numbers briefly drop to near-zero.   Normally sunspots return very quickly, as a new cycle begins.

But this year -- which corresponds to the start of Solar Cycle 24 -- has been extraordinarily long and quiet, with the first seven months averaging a sunspot number of only 3. August followed with none at all. The astonishing rapid drop of the past year has defied predictions, and caught nearly all astronomers by surprise.

In 2005, a pair of astronomers from the National Solar Observatory (NSO) in Tucson attempted to publish a paper in the journal Science. The pair looked at minute spectroscopic and magnetic changes in the sun. By extrapolating forward, they reached the startling result that, within 10 years, sunspots would vanish entirely. At the time, the sun was very active. Most of their peers laughed at what they considered an unsubstantiated conclusion.

The journal ultimately rejected the paper as being too controversial.

The paper's lead author, William Livingston, tells DailyTech that, while the refusal may have been justified at the time, recent data fits his theory well. He says he will be "secretly pleased" if his predictions come to pass.

But will the rest of us? In the past 1000 years, three previous such events -- the Dalton, Maunder, and Spörer Minimums, have all led to rapid cooling. One was large enough to be called a "mini ice age". For a society dependent on agriculture, cold is more damaging than heat. The growing season shortens, yields drop, and the occurrence of crop-destroying frosts increases.

Meteorologist Anthony Watts, who runs a climate data auditing site, tells DailyTech the sunspot numbers are another indication the "sun's dynamo" is idling. According to Watts, the effect of sunspots on TSI (total solar irradiance) is negligible, but the reduction in the solar magnetosphere affects cloud formation here on Earth, which in turn modulates climate.

This theory was originally proposed by physicist Henrik Svensmark, who has published a number of scientific papers on the subject. Last year Svensmark's "SKY" experiment claimed to have proven that galactic cosmic rays -- which the sun's magnetic field partially shields the Earth from -- increase the formation of molecular clusters that promote cloud growth. Svensmark, who recently published a book on the theory, says the relationship is a larger factor in climate change than greenhouse gases.

Solar physicist Ilya Usoskin of the University of Oulu, Finland, tells DailyTech the correlation between cosmic rays and terrestrial cloud cover is more complex than "more rays equals more clouds". Usoskin, who notes the sun has been more active since 1940 than at any point in the past 11 centuries, says the effects are most important at certain latitudes and altitudes which control climate. He says the relationship needs more study before we can understand it fully.

Other researchers have proposed solar effects on other terrestrial processes besides cloud formation. The sunspot cycle has strong effects on irradiance in certain wavelengths such as the far ultraviolet, which affects ozone production. Natural production of isotopes such as C-14 is also tied to solar activity. The overall effects on climate are still poorly understood.

What is incontrovertible, though, is that ice ages have occurred before. And no scientist, even the most skeptical, is prepared to say it won't happen again.

Article Update, Sep 1 2008.  After this story was published, the NOAA reversed their previous decision on a tiny speck seen Aug 21, which gives their version of the August data a half-point.  Other observation centers such as Mount Wilson Observatory are still reporting a spotless month.  So depending on which center you believe, August was a record for either a full century, or only 50 years.